ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology2012
Multicenter evaluation of a sequence-based protocol for subtyping Shiga toxins and standardizing Stx nomenclature.
Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 427 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
427 citing papers in PubMed, 818 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Algorithm and Software to Type Stx Operons Accurately from Assembled Genomic Sequence.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Genotypic and phenotypic evidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing shigatoxigenic and intimin-producing Escherichia coli in diarrheic calves in Bangladesh: A hidden zoonotic and public health risk.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Integrated genomic and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from asymptomatic carriers in Japan.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and characteristics of Escherichia albertii and Escherichia fergusonii isolates from healthy farm animals in Japan.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Outbreak in Adults and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Negative for Locus of Enterocyte Effacement, France, 2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Factors Governing the Cross-Species Virulence of Shiga Toxin-ProducingPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pathogenic potential and phylogenomic analysis ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Antibody Screening and Binding Prediction Analysis Targeting Stx2.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Global population structure of Shiga toxin-producingMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Genomics of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from asymptomatic carriers in Japan highlights risk-adaptive control.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profiles and phylogroups of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from dairy cattle in South Africa.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Article
- Closed genome sequences of 39 Shiga toxin-producingMicrobiology resource announcements · 2025Article
- First report ofASM case reports · 2025Article
- Genetic variability of Shiga toxin-producingMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Shiga toxin-producingMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Isolation and Characterization Through Whole-Genome Sequencing of STEC Strains from Free-Ranging Red Deer.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Emerging hybrid shigatoxigenic and enteropathogenicClinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
367 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
When Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains emerged as agents of human disease, two types of toxin were identified: Shiga toxin type 1 (Stx1) (almost identical to Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1) and the immunologically distinct type 2 (Stx2). Subsequently, numerous STEC strains have been characterized that express toxins with variations in amino acid sequence, some of which confer unique biological properties. These variants were grouped within the Stx1 or Stx2 type and often assigned names to indicate that they were not identical in sequence or phenotype to the main Stx1 or Stx2 type. A lack of specificity or consistency in toxin nomenclature has led to much confusion in the characterization of STEC strains. Because serious outcomes of infection have been attributed to certain Stx subtypes and less so with others, we sought to better define the toxin subtypes within the main Stx1 and Stx2 types. We compared the levels of relatedness of 285 valid sequence variants of Stx1 and Stx2 and identified common sequences characteristic of each of three Stx/Stx1 and seven Stx2 subtypes. A novel, simple PCR subtyping method was developed, independently tested on a battery of 48 prototypic STEC strains, and improved at six clinical and research centers to test the reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity of the PCR. Using a consistent schema for nomenclature of the Stx toxins and stx genes by phylogenetic sequence-based relatedness of the holotoxin proteins, we developed a typing approach that should obviate the need to bioassay each newly described toxin and that predicts important biological characteristics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.