ReviewViruses2012
Regulatory T cells in arterivirus and coronavirus infections: do they protect against disease or enhance it?
Review in Viruses, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 122 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory CD4Journal of leukocyte biology · 2021Trial
- Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a correlative factor of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates: associations with lymphocyte subsets alterations.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Downregulation of TNFAIP3 Associated With Poor Prognosis and Immune Response in Breast Cancer.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Identification of molecular clusters and a risk prognosis model for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma based on lactate metabolism-related genes.Annals of hematology · 2025Article
- Demography, sanitation and previous disease prevalence associate with COVID-19 deaths across Indian States.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Necroptosis-based glioblastoma prognostic subtypes: implications for TME remodeling and therapy response.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Mechanisms of circovirus immunosuppression and pathogenesis with a focus on porcine circovirus 2: a review.The veterinary quarterly · 2023Review
- Cytokine Kinetics during Progression of COVID-19 in Rwanda Patients: Could IL-9/IFNγ Ratio Predict Disease Severity?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- An exhaustive comprehension of the role of herbal medicines in Pre- and Post-COVID manifestations.Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2022Review
- Immunomodulatory agents for COVID-19 treatment: possible mechanism of action and immunopathology features.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2022Review
- Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2022Review
- Clinical Characterization and Possible Pathological Mechanism of Acute Myocardial Injury in COVID-19.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- The pivotal roles of the host immune response in the fine-tuning the infection and the development of the vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Ayurveda Rasayana as antivirals and immunomodulators: potential applications in COVID-19.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Review
- Immunological and pathological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 challenge following formalin-inactivated vaccine in ferrets and rhesus macaques.Science advances · 2021Article
- The role of IL-6/lymphocyte ratio in the peripheral blood of severe patients with COVID-19.International immunopharmacology · 2021Article
- Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Article
- Aberrant cytokine expression in COVID-19 patients: Associations between cytokines and disease severity.Cytokine · 2021Article
- Characterizing the immune responses of those who survived or succumbed to COVID-19: Can immunological signatures predict outcome?Cytokine · 2021Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (T(regs)) are a subset of T cells that are responsible for maintaining peripheral immune tolerance and homeostasis. The hallmark of T(regs) is the expression of the forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) transcription factor. Natural regulatory T cells (nT(regs)) are a distinct population of T cells that express CD4 and FoxP3. nTregs develop in the thymus and function in maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. Other CD4(+), CD4(-)CD8(-), and CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells can be induced to acquire regulatory function by antigenic stimulation, depending on the cytokine milieu. Inducible (or adaptive) T(regs) frequently express high levels of the interleukin 2 receptor (CD25). Atypical T(regs) express FoxP3 and CD4 but have no surface expression of CD25. Type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells) produce IL-10, while T helper 3 cells (Th3) produce TGF-β. The function of inducible T(regs) is presumably to maintain immune homeostasis, especially in the context of chronic inflammation or infection. Induction of T(regs) in coronaviral infections protects against the more severe forms of the disease attributable to the host response. However, arteriviruses have exploited these T cell subsets as a means to dampen the immune response allowing for viral persistence. T(reg) induction or activation in the pathogenesis of disease has been described in both porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus, and mouse hepatitis virus. This review discusses the development and biology of regulatory T cells in the context of arteriviral and coronaviral infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.