ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2012
Expression reduction in mammalian X chromosome evolution refutes Ohno's hypothesis of dosage compensation.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
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81 citing papers in PubMed, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mixed Evidence that Dosage Sensitive Genes Drive Global Dosage Compensation in Flour Beetles.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Evolutionary Dynamics of Dosage Compensation and Sex-biased Gene Expression in Morabine Grasshopper Vandiemenella viatica.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- The role of m6A RNA methylation in the maintenance of X chromosome inactivation and X-to-autosome dosage compensation in early embryonic lineages.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Sex chromosome dosage compensation in a sex reversing skink is not influenced by sexual phenotype.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- HJ Muller and the Relationship Between Sex Chromosome Degeneration and the Evolution of Dosage Compensation.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Review
- Repeated Evolution of Transcript Dosage Compensation of Independently Formed Nematode Neo-X Chromosomes.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Cross-species imputation and comparison of single-cell transcriptomic profiles.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Lineage-specific dynamics of loss of X upregulation during inactive-X reactivation.Stem cell reports · 2024Article
- Imprinted X chromosome inactivation in marsupials: The paternal X arrives at the egg with a silent DNA methylation profile.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Cross-species imputation and comparison of single-cell transcriptomic profiles.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Incomplete transcriptional dosage compensation of chicken and platypus sex chromosomes is balanced by post-transcriptional compensation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Compensation of gene dosage on the mammalian X.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Review
- RNA stability controlled by mNature structural & molecular biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Dynamic Spatial-temporal Expression Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes but Stable Dosage Compensation in Mammals.Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics · 2023Article
- What Has Genomics Taught An Evolutionary Biologist?Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics · 2023Review
- Induction and inhibition of Drosophila X chromosome gene expression are both impeded by the dosage compensation complex.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
- Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation: proposed role in suppression of the male programme in genetic females.Journal of genetics · 2022Article
- Shared evolutionary trajectories of three independent neo-sex chromosomes inGenome research · 2021Article
- Thermosensitive sex chromosome dosage compensation in ZZ/ZW softshell turtles,Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Susumu Ohno proposed in 1967 that, during the origin of mammalian sex chromosomes from a pair of autosomes, per-allele expression levels of X-linked genes were doubled to compensate for the degeneration of their Y homologs. This conjecture forms the foundation of the current evolutionary model of sex chromosome dosage compensation, but has been tested in mammals only indirectly via a comparison of expression levels between X-linked and autosomal genes in the same genome. The test results have been controversial, because examinations of different gene sets led to different conclusions that either support or refute Ohno's hypothesis. Here we resolve this uncertainty by directly comparing mammalian X-linked genes with their one-to-one orthologs in species that diverged before the origin of the mammalian sex chromosomes. Analyses of RNA sequencing data and proteomic data provide unambiguous evidence for expression halving (i.e., no change in per-allele expression level) of X-linked genes during evolution, with the exception of only ∼5% of genes that encode members of large protein complexes. We conclude that Ohno's hypothesis is rejected for the vast majority of genes, reopening the search for the evolutionary force driving the origin of chromosome-wide X inactivation in female mammals.
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