ReviewDevelopmental neurobiology2012
Immune system gene dysregulation in autism and schizophrenia.
Review in Developmental neurobiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- The genetic basis for the inverse relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia.Molecular genetics & genomic medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Inflammation impairs social cognitive processing: A randomized controlled trial of endotoxin.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2015Trial
- Case Report: MECP2 and SH3KBP1 variants associated with autism spectrum disorder and immune dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Causal Association Between Immune Cell Traits and Risk of Multiple Malignant and Nonmalignant CNS Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization and Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- The relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and NLRP3 inflammasome.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- From immune response to mental health: neutrophils in schizophrenia.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Inhibitory Systems in Brain Evolution: Pathways of Vulnerability in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.Brain, behavior and evolution · 2025Review
- Onset age moderates the associations between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and clinical symptoms in first-episode patients with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Schizophrenia and Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetic Scenery: Potential Non-HLA Genes Involved in Both Diseases Relationship.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Peripheral immunity and risk of incident brain disorders: a prospective cohort study of 161,968 participants.Translational psychiatry · 2023Article
- Article
- Identification of Immune-Linked Hub Genes and Diagnostic Model Construction in Schizophrenia.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2023Article
- Larger cerebral cortex is genetically correlated with greater frontal area and dorsal thickness.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- The genetic basis of onset age in schizophrenia: evidence and models.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Review
- Schizophrenia is defined by cell-specific neuropathology and multiple neurodevelopmental mechanisms in patient-derived cerebral organoids.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Article
- Re-emerging concepts of immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
- Dynamic Interrogation of Stochastic Transcriptome Trajectories Using Disease Associated Genes Reveals Distinct Origins of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2022Article
- Inferring miRNA sponge modules across major neuropsychiatric disorders.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Maternal immune activation as a risk factor for psychiatric illness in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2021Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Gene*environment interactions play critical roles in the emergence of autism and schizophrenia pathophysiology. In both disorders, recent genetic association studies have provided evidence for disease-linked variation in immune system genes and postmortem gene expression studies have shown extensive chronic immune abnormalities in brains of diseased subjects. Furthermore, peripheral biomarker studies revealed that both innate and adaptive immune systems are dysregulated. In both disorders symptoms of the disease correlate with the immune system dysfunction; yet, in autism this process appears to be chronic and sustained, while in schizophrenia it is exacerbated during acute episodes. Furthermore, since immune abnormalities endure into adulthood and anti-inflammatory agents appear to be beneficial, it is likely that these immune changes actively contribute to disease symptoms. Modeling these changes in animals provided further evidence that prenatal maternal immune activation alters neurodevelopment and leads to behavioral changes that are relevant for autism and schizophrenia. The converging evidence strongly argues that neurodevelopmental immune insults and genetic background critically interact and result in increased risk for either autism or schizophrenia. Further research in these areas may improve prenatal health screening in genetically at-risk families and may also lead to new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.