ReviewJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism2012
Inflammatory cytokines in experimental and human stroke.
Review in Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 399 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
399 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 733 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role and Mechanism of Microglia in White Matter Injury Recovery in Ischemic Stroke.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Pooled it
- The effects of visual skills training on cognitive and executive functions in stroke patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Pooled it
- Gut microbes in cerebrovascular diseases: Gut flora imbalance, potential impact mechanisms and promising treatment strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Effect and Mechanisms of Quercetin for Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Pooled it
- Exploring the Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases: Inflammatory Cytokines and Bioactive Kynurenines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of Perispinal Etanercept for Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Neurology · 2025Trial
- Trial
- The Effect of Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) Add-On Treatment on Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, Lipid, and Biochemical Parameters in the Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Trial
- GFH312 Reduces Neuronal Death by Inhibiting RIPK1-Mediated Apoptosis and Necroptosis After Ischemic Stroke.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Animal stroke models and outcome evaluation: A review.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Plasma Apolipoprotein E Levels and Adverse Clinical Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- BTG2 knockdown attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury and apoptosis in PC12 cells: an effect associated with MAPK pathway inhibition.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Fuzheng Jiedu Tongluo Granule Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/reperfusion Injury-induced Inflammation By Inhibiting Drp1-mediated TXNIP/NLRP3 Pathway.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Predicts Stroke Outcome and is a Potential Marker for Treatment Effects of Neural Stem Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles in a Rat Stroke Model.Translational stroke research · 2026Article
- Distinct origins and niches determine the cellular responsiveness of CNS macrophages after repopulation.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Basal ganglia glioblastoma with lung adenocarcinoma tumor-to-tumor metastasis and atypical early imaging presentation: illustrative case.Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons · 2026Article
- Article
- Longitudinal plasma interleukin-6 and post-stroke cognitive outcomes: The Stroke-IMPaCT study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- The Role of TNF-α in Ischemic Stroke.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Protective Effects of TNF-α Neutralizing Antibody on the Neurovascular Unit Through Down-Regulating Calpain/NF-κB Inflammatory Pathway During Ischemic Stroke.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
339 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of stroke pathology. The cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, modulate tissue injury in experimental stroke and are therefore potential targets in future stroke therapy. The effect of these cytokines on infarct evolution depends on their availability in the ischemic penumbra in the early phase after stroke onset, corresponding to the therapeutic window (<4.5 hours), which is similar in human and experimental stroke. This review summarizes a large body of literature on the spatiotemporal and cellular production of TNF, IL-1, and IL-6, focusing on the early phase in experimental and human stroke. We also review studies of cytokines in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in stroke. Tumor necrosis factor and IL-1 are upregulated early in peri-infarct microglia. Newer literature suggests that IL-6 is produced by microglia, in addition to neurons. Tumor necrosis factor- and IL-1-producing macrophages infiltrate the infarct and peri-infarct with a delay. This information is discussed in the context of suggestions that neuronal sensitivity to ischemia may be modulated by cytokines. The fact that TNF and IL-1, and suppossedly also IL-6, are produced by microglia within the therapeutic window place these cells centrally in potential future stroke therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.