ArticleBMJ open2012
Socioeconomic inequalities in the rate of stillbirths by cause: a population-based study.
Article in BMJ open, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Seeking order amidst chaos: a systematic review of classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009-2014.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2016Pooled it
- The role of socioeconomic status and pre-pregnancy BMI in postpartum psychiatric episodes - a mediation study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Why current risk factor-based approaches fall short in predicting stillbirth: a national cohort study of nulliparous women in England.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Reproductive health characteristics among women living in severe poverty in urban Haiti.Reproductive health · 2025Observational
- Disparities in Stillbirths in England: Analysis of A Population-Based Study of 1.3 Million Births.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Observational
- A qualitative study of the dynamics of access to remote antenatal care through the lens of candidacy.Journal of health services research & policy · 2023Article
- Article
- Socioeconomic inequality and stillbirth rate disparities among native and foreign mothers: evidence from Greece.SN social sciences · 2022Article
- Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment.IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control · 2021Article
- Stillbirth maternity care measurement and associated factors in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study.Population health metrics · 2021Article
- Observational
- Article
- Article
- How do women with social risk factors experience United Kingdom maternity care? A realist synthesis.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2019Article
- Volume and vascularity: Using ultrasound to unlock the secrets of the first trimester placenta.Placenta · 2019Review
- Understanding determinants of unequal distribution of stillbirth in Tehran, Iran: a concentration index decomposition approach.BMJ open · 2017Article
- Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009-2014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2016Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in stillbirth rates in Europe: measuring the gap using routine data from the Euro-Peristat Project.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2016Article
- Ethnic variation in stillbirth risk and the role of maternal obesity: analysis of routine data from a London maternity unit.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in overall and cause-specific stillbirth rates in England.
designPopulation-based retrospective study.
settingEngland.
participantsStillbirths occurring among singleton infants born between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2007.
main outcome measureCause-specific stillbirth rate per 10 000 births by deprivation tenth and year of birth. Deprivation measured using the UK index of multiple deprivation at Super Output Area level.
methodsPoisson regression models were used to estimate the relative deprivation gap (comparing the most and least deprived tenths) in rates of stillbirths (overall and cause-specific). Excess mortality was calculated by applying the rates seen in the least deprived tenth to the entire population at risk. Discussions with our local NHS multicentre ethics committee deemed that this analysis of national non-identifiable data did not require separate ethics approval.
resultsThere were 44 stillbirths per 10 000 births, with no evidence of a change in rates over time. Rates were twice as high in the most deprived tenth compared with the least (rate ratio (RR) 2.1, 95% CI 2.0 to 2.2) with no evidence of a change over time. There was a significant deprivation gap for all specific causes except mechanical events (RR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9 to 1.5). The widest gap was seen for stillbirths due to antepartum haemorrhages (RR 3.1, 95% CI 2.8 to 3.5). No evidence of a change in the rate of stillbirth or deprivation gap over time was seen for any specific cause.
conclusionA wide deprivation gap exists in stillbirth rates for most causes and is not diminishing. Unexplained antepartum stillbirths accounted for 50% of the deprivation gap, and a better understanding of these stillbirths is necessary to reduce socioeconomic inequalities.
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Registered trials
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