ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2012
Transient early neurotrophin release and delayed inflammatory cytokine release by microglia in response to PAR-2 stimulation.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Smoking Impacts Alzheimer's Disease Progression Through Oral Microbiota Modulation.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Protease-activated receptor 2 activation induces behavioural changes associated with depression-like behaviour through microglial-independent modulation of inflammatory cytokines.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Comparative study of intravenous thrombolysis with rt-PA and urokinase for patients with acute cerebral infarction.The Journal of international medical research · 2020Article
- Genetic Rescue Reverses Microglial Activation in Preclinical Models of Retinitis Pigmentosa.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2018Article
- In vivo evaluation of microglia activation by intracranial iron overload in central pain after spinal cord injury.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2017Article
- Effect of oxidative stress induced by intracranial iron overload on central pain after spinal cord injury.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2017Article
- Regulation of Macrophage, Dendritic Cell, and Microglial Phenotype and Function by the SOCS Proteins.Frontiers in immunology · 2015Review
- Activating transcription factor 4 modulates BDNF release from microglial cells.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Activated microglia exerts both beneficial and deleterious effects on neurons, but the signaling mechanism controlling these distinct responses remain unclear. We demonstrated that treatment of microglial cultures with the PAR-2 agonist, 2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2, evoked early transient release of BDNF, while sustained PAR-2 stimulation evoked the delayed release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β and TNF-α) and nitric oxide. Culture medium harvested during the early phase (at 1 h) of microglial activation induced by 2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 (microglial conditioned medium, MCM) had no deleterious effects on cultured neurons, while MCM harvested during the late phase (at 72 h) promoted DNA fragmentation and apoptosis as indicated by TUNEL and annexin/PI staining. Blockade of PAR-1 during the early phase of PAR-2 stimulation enhanced BDNF release (by 11%, small but significant) while a PAR-1 agonist added during the late phase (24 h after 2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-NH2 addition) suppressed the release of cytokines and NO. The neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of activated microglial exhibit distinct temporal profiles that are regulated by PAR-1 and PAR-2 stimulation. It may be possible to facilitate neuronal recovery and repair by appropriately timed stimulation and inhibition of microglial PAR-1 and PAR-2 receptors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.