ArticleJournal of immigrant and minority health2013
Association of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome in a Puerto Rican adult population.
Article in Journal of immigrant and minority health, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic syndrome index measurement tool (MSI): scale development, reliability and validity study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of Zinc Intake, Tobacco Smoke Exposure, With Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from NHANES 2007-2018.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Metabolic Syndrome, Modifiable Lifestyle Factors, and Sleep-Disordered Breathing: The Hispanic Community Health Study.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2024Observational
- Interactive associations of smoking and physical activity with metabolic syndrome in adult men in Korea.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Meta-analysis of the effects of smoking and smoking cessation on triglyceride levels.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- Assessing metabolic syndrome prediction quality using seven anthropometric indices among Jordanian adults: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Association between life-course cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome: a discovery-replication strategy.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2022Article
- Cumulative Lifetime Burden of Cardiovascular Disease From Early Exposure to Air Pollution.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Review
- Effects of smoking and aerobic exercise on male college students' metabolic syndrome risk factors.Journal of physical therapy science · 2018Article
- The relationship between hypovitaminosis D and metabolic syndrome: a cross sectional study among employees of a private university in Lebanon.BMC nutrition · 2018Article
- Lifestyle recommendations for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome: an international panel recommendation.Nutrition reviews · 2017Article
- Lifestyle Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among Workers: The Role of Interactions between Smoking and Alcohol to Nutrition and Exercise.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2015Article
- Predicting Metabolic Syndrome Using the Random Forest Method.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2015Article
- Prevalence of overweight and obesity and their cardiometabolic comorbidities in Hispanic adults living in Puerto Rico.Journal of community health · 2013Article
- Distribution and correlates of the metabolic syndrome in adults living in the San Juan Metropolitan Area of Puerto Rico.Puerto Rico health sciences journal · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is related to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Smokers are at greater risk than nonsmokers of becoming insulin resistant and to develop cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to explore the association between cigarette smoking, MetSyn and its components among Puerto Rican adults. A representative sample of 856 persons aged 21-79 years from the San Juan Metropolitan area participated in this study. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including smoking habits, were gathered from a self-reported questionnaire. MetSyn was defined according to the revised NCEP-ATP III criteria and measured using biochemical measurements and anthropometric indices. Logistic regression models were used to estimate prevalence odds ratios (POR) and its 95 % confidence intervals (CI). MetSyn was significantly (P < 0.001) more prevalent in former smokers (48.4 %) as compared to current (42.7 %) and never smokers (40.0 %). However, after adjusting for possible confounders, current smokers who used more than 20 cigarettes per day were 2.24 (95 % CI = 1.00-4.99) times more likely to have MetSyn as compared to never smokers. Heavy smokers were also more likely to have high triglyceride levels (POR = 2.22, 95 % CI = 1.12-4.38) and low HDL-cholesterol levels (POR = 2.49, 95 % CI = 1.28-4.86) as compared to never smokers. This study supports previous reports of an increased risk of MetSyn among current smokers, particularly those with a heavier consumption. Tobacco control strategies, such as preventing smoking initiation and disseminating evidence-based cessation programs, are necessary to reduce the burden of MetSyn in Puerto Rico.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.