ReviewImmunological reviews2012
Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 213 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
213 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 388 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Vagus nerve-mediated neuroimmune modulation for rheumatoid arthritis: a pivotal randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Cardiorespiratory Interaction and Autonomic Sleep Quality Improve during Sleep in Beds Made fromInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- Changes in the gut microbiome associated with infliximab in patients with bipolar disorder.Brain and behavior · 2021Trial
- N-acetylcysteine Restored Heart Rate Variability and Prevented Serious Adverse Events in Transfusion-dependent Thalassemia Patients: a Double-blind Single Center Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of medical sciences · 2020Trial
- Depression, coronary artery disease, and physical activity: how much exercise is enough?Clinical therapeutics · 2014Trial
- Spatial Metabolomics Reveals the Common and Compound-Specific Pharmacological Mechanisms of Two Alkaloids Against Infarcted Myocardium.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Disruption of the brain-spleen axis impairs monocyte-microglia communication and accelerates disease progression in a mouse model of amyloidosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Differential Sensitivity of HSV-1 and PRV to IFN-λ Reveals a Neuron-Specific Antiviral Role for RSAD2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor therapy mitigates hypertension in lupus mice.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Article
- Article
- Peripheral nerve remodeling in the tumor microenvironment: neuro-immune crosstalk, molecular mechanisms, and precision therapeutic.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Putative α7-selective ligands interact with α9-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modulate immune functions of human mononuclear phagocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The orexin system as a pharmacological target in inflammation: peripheral mechanisms and safety implications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Neuroimmune Modulation for Drug-Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis: Long-Term Safety and Efficacy in Patients Enrolled in a Pilot Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study.Rheumatology and therapy · 2025Article
- Role of physical exercise, vagal nerve stimulation, and vagotomy in inflammatory bowel disease.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Regenerative Response 35 Days After Esophageal Replacement in a Porcine Model; Technical Difficulties and Attempts to Achieve Optimal Tissue Remodeling.Artificial organs · 2025Article
- Pyridostigmine Treatment Significantly Alleviates Isoprenaline-Induced Chronic Heart Failure in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation inhibits mental stress-induced cortisol release-Potential implications for inflammatory conditions.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- The ATP-mediated cytokine release by macrophages is down-modulated by unconventional α9* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
153 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neural reflex circuits regulate cytokine release to prevent potentially damaging inflammation and maintain homeostasis. In the inflammatory reflex, sensory input elicited by infection or injury travels through the afferent vagus nerve to integrative regions in the brainstem, and efferent nerves carry outbound signals that terminate in the spleen and other tissues. Neurotransmitters from peripheral autonomic nerves subsequently promote acetylcholine-release from a subset of CD4(+) T cells that relay the neural signal to other immune cells, e.g. through activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on macrophages. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of the inflammatory reflex and discuss potential therapeutic implications of current findings in this evolving field.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.