Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22716774›Full record

Trial reportAddiction (Abingdon, England)2012

Contingent incentives reduce cigarette smoking among pregnant, methadone-maintained women: results of an initial feasibility and efficacy randomized clinical trial.

Michelle Tuten, Heather Fitzsimons, Margaret S Chisolm, Paul A Nuzzo, Hendree E Jones

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 16 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
42citing papers in PubMed, 16 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

42 citing papers in PubMed, 16 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Pooled it
  4. Incentives for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
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  8. Incentives for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019
    Pooled it
  9. Competitions for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019
    Pooled it
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  11. Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016
    Pooled it
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  16. Contingency Management Versus Psychotherapy for Prenatal Smoking Cessation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health
    Pooled it
  17. Trial
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Michelle TutenDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. mtuten@jhmi.edu
Heather Fitzsimons
Margaret S Chisolm
Paul A Nuzzo
Hendree E Jones

Funding

Tobacco Use in Opioid Agonist treated Pregnant WomenR01DA012403 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI JONES, HENDREE E · 1999 to 2008
$3.2M
NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA012403NIDA NIH HHS R01DA12403
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsThis study examined the feasibility and efficacy of behavioral incentives for reducing cigarette smoking among pregnant methadone-maintained patients.

designParticipants (n = 102) were assigned randomly to: (i) contingent behavioral incentives (CBI: n = 42); (ii) non-contingent behavioral incentives (NCBI: n = 28); or (iii) treatment as usual (TAU: n = 32).

settingStudy procedures were implemented at the Center for Addiction and Pregnancy in Baltimore, MD.

participantsStudy participants were pregnant, methadone-maintained women enrolled in substance use disorder treatment. MEASUREMENTS: Baseline carbon monoxide (CO) levels were calculated for each participant. Subsequently, breath samples were tested three times weekly to measure changes in smoking behavior. CBI participants received incentives for target reductions from baseline: any reduction (week 1); 10% reduction (weeks 2-4), 25% reduction (weeks 5-7), 50% reduction (weeks 8-9), 75% reduction (week 10-11); and abstinence [CO < 4 parts per million (p.p.m.)] (week 12 until delivery). NCBI participants received incentives independent of smoking CO measurement results. TAU participants received no incentives, the standard treatment at the program.

findingsCBI condition participants submitted significantly lower mean CO values than the NCBI and TAU conditions over the course of the intervention (P < 0.0001). Nearly half (48%) of the CBI participants met the 75% smoking reduction target and one-third (31%) met the abstinence target at week 12. In contrast, none of the NCBI met either the 75% or abstinence targets. Only 2% of the TAU participants met the 75% reduction and none of the TAU participants met the abstinence targets. These smoking behavior reductions did not yield significant differences in birth outcomes.

conclusionsCigarette smoking may be reduced significantly among pregnant, methadone-maintained women through the use of contingent reinforcement for gradual reductions in breath carbon monoxide levels.

Indexed as

MotivationSmoking PreventionAdultBehavior TherapyCarbon MonoxideFeasibility StudiesFemaleHumansMethadoneNarcoticsPilot ProjectsPregnancyPregnancy ComplicationsSecondary PreventionSmokingSmoking CessationCarbon MonoxideMethadoneNarcotics

Identifiers

PMID22716774
PMCPMC3439534

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.