ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2012
Prophage carriage and diversity within clinically relevant strains of Clostridium difficile.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Steering the course: targeting and exploiting surface receptors in phage therapy.Journal of bacteriology · 2026Review
- Phage-Antibiotic Combinations for Pseudomonas: Successes in the Clinic and In Vitro Tenuously Connected.Microbial biotechnology · 2025Review
- Use of Specific Borrelia Phages as a New Strategy for Improved Diagnostic Tests.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Emerging applications of phage therapy and fecal virome transplantation for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: challenges and perspectives.Gut pathogens · 2023Review
- Novel ribotype/sequence type associations and diverse CRISPR-Cas systems in environmental Clostridioides difficile strains from northern Iraq.FEMS microbiology letters · 2023Article
- Diversity, Dynamics and Therapeutic Application ofViruses · 2022Review
- Article
- Genomic Characterization of a Prophage, Smhb1, That InfectsMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Clostridioides difficile phage biology and application.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Complete genome sequence of the newly discovered temperate Clostridioides difficile bacteriophage phiCDKH01 of the family Siphoviridae.Archives of virology · 2021Article
- Comparative genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum decodes strain specific genes.PloS one · 2021Article
- Targeting Multicopy Prophage Genes for the Increased Detection ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Bacteriophages: Uncharacterized and Dynamic Regulators of the Immune System.Mediators of inflammation · 2019Review
- Whole-Genome Sequences of Phages p000v and p000y, Which Infect the Bacterial Pathogen Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli.Microbiology resource announcements · 2018Article
- The disparate effects of bacteriophages on antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Emerging microbes & infections · 2018Review
- Unravelling the Links between Phage Adsorption and Successful Infection in Clostridium difficile.Viruses · 2018Article
- Bacteriophages are more virulent to bacteria with human cells than they are in bacterial culture; insights from HT-29 cells.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Large phiCD211 (phiCDIF1296T)-Like Prophages in Clostridioides difficile.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2018Article
- Bacteriophages Contribute to ShapingFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- Characterization of Bacteriophages Infecting Clinical Isolates ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prophages are encoded in most genomes of sequenced Clostridium difficile strains. They are key components of the mobile genetic elements and, as such, are likely to influence the biology of their host strains. The majority of these phages are not amenable to propagation, and therefore the development of a molecular marker is a useful tool with which to establish the extent and diversity of C. difficile prophage carriage within clinical strains. To design markers, several candidate genes were analyzed including structural and holin genes. The holin gene is the only gene present in all sequenced phage genomes, conserved at both terminals, with a variable mid-section. This allowed us to design two sets of degenerate PCR primers specific to C. difficile myoviruses and siphoviruses. Subsequent PCR analysis of 16 clinical C. difficile ribotypes showed that 15 of them are myovirus positive, and 2 of them are also siphovirus positive. Antibiotic induction and transmission electron microscope analysis confirmed the molecular prediction of myoviruses and/or siphovirus presence. Phylogenetic analysis of the holin sequences identified three groups of C. difficile phages, two within the myoviruses and a divergent siphovirus group. The marker also produced tight groups within temperate phages that infect other taxa, including Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, and Bacillus spp., which suggests the potential application of the holin gene to study prophage carriage in other bacteria. This study reveals the high incidence of prophage carriage in clinically relevant strains of C. difficile and correlates the molecular data to the morphological observation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.