ArticlePloS one2012
Secondary household transmission of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus among an urban and rural population in Kenya, 2009-2010.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Household transmission of influenza A and B within a prospective cohort during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons.Statistics in medicine · 2021Article
- Risk ratios for contagious outcomes.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2018Article
- Household Transmission of Influenza Virus.Trends in microbiology · 2016Review
- Increased Rates of Respiratory and Diarrheal Illnesses in HIV-Negative Persons Living With HIV-Infected Individuals in a Densely Populated Urban Slum in Kenya.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Analysis of influenza transmission in the households of primary and junior high school students during the 2012-13 influenza season in Odate, Japan.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Severe acute respiratory infection in children in a densely populated urban slum in Kenya, 2007-2011.BMC infectious diseases · 2015Article
- Geographical heterogeneity and influenza infection within households.BMC infectious diseases · 2014Article
- Use of population-based surveillance to determine the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis in an urban slum and a rural setting in Kenya.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2014Article
- Surveillance for respiratory infections in low- and middle-income countries: experience from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Global Disease Detection International Emerging Infections Program.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Article
- Factors associated with household transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among self-quarantined patients in Beijing, China.PloS one · 2013Article
- Epidemiological characterization of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 cases from 2009 to 2010 in Baguio City, the Philippines.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn Kenya, >1,200 laboratory-confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) cases occurred since June 2009. We used population-based infectious disease surveillance (PBIDS) data to assess household transmission of pH1N1 in urban Nairobi (Kibera) and rural Lwak.
methodsWe defined a pH1N1 patient as laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 infection among PBIDS participants during August 1, 2009-February 5, 2010, in Kibera, or August 1, 2009-January 20, 2010, in Lwak, and a case household as a household with a laboratory-confirmed pH1N1 patient. Community interviewers visited PBIDS-participating households to inquire about illnesses among household members. We randomly selected 4 comparison households per case household matched by number of children aged <5. Comparison households had a household visit 10 days before or after the matched patient symptom onset date. We defined influenza-like illnesses (ILI) as self-reported cough or sore throat, and a self-reported fever ≤8 days after the pH1N1 patient's symptom onset in case households and ≤8 days before selected household visit in comparison households. We used the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test to compare proportions of ILIs among case and comparison households, and log binomial-model to compare that of Kibera and Lwak.
resultsAmong household contacts of patients with confirmed pH1N1 in Kibera, 4.6% had ILI compared with 8.2% in Lwak (risk ratio [RR], 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3-0.9). Household contacts of patients were more likely to have ILIs than comparison-household members in both Kibera (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.8) and Lwak (RR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6-4.3). Overall, ILI was not associated with patient age. However, ILI rates among household contacts were higher among children aged <5 years than persons aged ≥5 years in Lwak, but not Kibera.
conclusionsSubstantial pH1N1 household transmission occurred in urban and rural Kenya. Household transmission rates were higher in the rural area.
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