ArticleFrontiers in physiology2012
Heartworm Disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and Their Vectors in Europe - New Distribution Trends.
Article in Frontiers in physiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 133 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vectors, host range, and spatial distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in Europe: a systematic review.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Pooled it
- The prevalence of canine dirofilariasis in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasites & vectors · 2023Pooled it
- Dirofilarioses in cats: European guidelines from the ABCD on prevention and management.Journal of feline medicine and surgery · 2020Guideline
- Potential efficacy of monthly administrations of spot-on moxidectin 2.5%/imidacloprid 10% in the simultaneous prevention of major canine filarioses.Parasitology research · 2013Trial
- Climate-Sensitive Redistribution of Veterinary Parasites: An Attribution Framework for One Health Surveillance and Control.Biology · 2026Review
- 'Reservoir dogs': The emerging zoonotic risk associated with European dog imports to the UK.The Veterinary record · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the trūRapidParasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Improved specificity of a probe-based real-time PCR for the detection of Dirofilaria immitis in canine blood.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Adulticide treatment with melarsomine: outcome in 283 heartworm-positive dogs in Germany.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Molecular characterization of filarial infections and their associated risk factors in rural community of Southeastern Gabon.Parasite epidemiology and control · 2026Article
- Nationwide seroprevalence of canine vector-borne pathogens in dogs in Spain.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Rapid Point-of-Care Detection ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Subclinical Infections of Babesia and Dirofilaria in Dogs Presented to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital: Evidence for a Silent Reservoir of Infection in Sri Lanka.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- Visual Assessment of Rib Cartilage Mineralization in Thoracic Radiographs as an Indicator of Age in Juvenile Dogs of Various Breeds.Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association · 2026Article
- Mapping Global Trends inAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Application of COI-LAMP for Detection of Dirofilaria immitis with High Sensitivity and Specificity in Epidemiological Studies.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- Development of Dirofilaria immitis adult worms in NSG mice, detection of parasite-derived microRNA and comparative analysis of laboratory isolates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Unwelcome guests: Nematodes of zoonotic and animal health importance in native and invasive carnivores of Hungary.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Article
- Feline heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in stray cats in Ulsan, Korea.Parasites, hosts and diseases · 2026Article
- Molecular Characterization ofJournal of parasitology research · 2026Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis is a cosmopolitan disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis, which affects mainly canids and felids. Moreover, it causes zoonotic infections, producing pulmonary dirofilariasis in humans. Heartworm disease is a vector-borne transmitted disease, thus transmission depends on the presence of competent mosquito species, which is directly related to favorable climate conditions for its development and survival. Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis is mainly located in countries with temperate and tropical climates. Europe is one of the continents where animal dirofilariasis has been studied more extensively. In this article we review the current prevalence of canine and feline cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis in the European continent, the transmission vectors, the current changes in the distribution and the possible causes, though the analysis of the epidemiological studies carried out until 2001 and between 2002 and 2011. The highest prevalences have been observed in the southern European countries, which are considered historically endemic/hyperendemic countries. Studies carried out in the last 10 years suggest an expansion of cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis in dogs toward central and northern Europe. Several factors can exert an influence on the spreading of the disease, such as movement of infected animals, the introduction of new species of mosquitoes able to act as vectors, the climate change caused by the global warming, and development of human activity in new areas. Veterinary controls to prevent the spreading of this disease, programs of control of vectors, and adequate protocols of prevention of dirofilariasis in the susceptible species should be carried out.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.