ArticlePloS one2012
A longitudinal study of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in a cohort of infants and their mothers on the Thailand-Myanmar border.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 159 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus co-colonization in healthy children under five years: a systematic review.BMC pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
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- Weekly azithromycin for 48 weeks impacts nasopharyngeal microbial prevalence and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
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- Climate induces seasonality in pneumococcal transmission.Scientific reports · 2015Trial
- Impact of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with azithromycin-containing regimens on maternal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus: a cross-sectional survey at delivery.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2015Trial
- Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Genetic Diversity of Non-TypeableHealth science reports · 2026Review
- Early-life carriage and antibiotic resistance ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Genetic population structure of Haemophilus influenzae at local and global scales.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Within-host genetic diversity of pneumococcal serotype 3 during one-year prolonged carriage in a healthy adult.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Quantifying the effects of antibiotic resistance and within-host competition on strain fitness in Streptococcus pneumoniae.PLoS biology · 2025Article
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- Optimizing nanopore adaptive sampling for pneumococcal serotype surveillance in complex samples using the graph-based GNASTy algorithm.Genome research · 2025Article
- PCV13-Serotype Breakthrough Pneumococcal Disease in Infants Receiving High-Valency Conjugate Vaccines: Population-Level Modeling in France.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Modelling the Epidemiological Impact of Different Adult Pneumococcal Vaccination Strategies in the United Kingdom.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Pre-vaccination carriage prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes among internally displaced people in Somaliland: a cross-sectional study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2024Article
- Detecting co-selection through excess linkage disequilibrium in bacterial genomes.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2024Article
- Prevalence and serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among healthy children under 5 years of age in Hainan Province, China.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2024Article
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPneumococcal disease is a major cause of childhood death. Almost a third of the world's children live in Southeast Asia, but there are few data from the region on pneumococcal colonization or disease. Our aim was to document the dynamics of pneumococcal carriage in a rural SE Asian birth cohort.
methodsWe studied 234 Karen mother-infant pairs in Northwestern Thailand. Infants were followed from birth and nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from mother and infant at monthly intervals until 24 months old.
results8,386 swabs were cultured and 4,396 pneumococci characterized. Infants became colonized early (median 45.5 days; 95% confidence interval [CI] 44.5-46.0) and by 24 months had a median of seven (range 0-15) carriage episodes. Maternal smoking and young children in the house were associated with earlier colonization (hazard ratio [HR] 1.5 (95% CI 1.1-2.1) and 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-1.9)). For the four commonest serotypes and non-typeable pneumococci, previous exposure to homologous or heterologous serotypes resulted in an extended interval to reacquisition of the same serotype. Previous colonization by serotypes 14 and 19F was also associated with reduced carriage duration if subsequently reacquired (HR [first reacquisition] 4.1 (95% CI 1.4-12.6) and 2.6 (1.5-4.7)). Mothers acquired pneumococci less frequently, and carried them for shorter periods, than infants (acquisition rate 0.5 vs. 1.1 /100 person-days, p<0.001; median duration 31.0 vs. 60.5 days, p = 0.001). 55.8% of pneumococci from infants were vaccine serotypes (13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13), compared with 27.5% from mothers (p<0.001). Non-typeable pneumococcal carriage was common, being carried at least once by 55.1% of infants and 32.0% of mothers.
conclusionsPneumococcal carriage frequency and duration are influenced by previous exposure to both homologous and heterologous serotypes. These data will inform vaccination strategies in this population.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.