ArticlePloS one2012
Influence of socioeconomic status trajectories on innate immune responsiveness in children.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sensitive periods to social adversity in immune and metabolic development: A systematic review.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors of Epstein-Barr virus serostatus and implications for vaccine policy: A systematic review of the literature.Journal of global health · 2020Pooled it
- Early life adversity exposure and circulating markers of inflammation in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2020Pooled it
- Socioeconomic status in childhood and C reactive protein in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2017Pooled it
- Healthy Foundations Study: a randomised controlled trial to evaluate biological embedding of early-life experiences.BMJ open · 2018Trial
- Relation between stress and cytokine responses in inner-city mothers.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2015Trial
- Adaptive immune responses to vaccination reflect social status at first exposure in female rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Stimulated cytokine production, attachment, and emotional well-being in dementia spousal caregivers.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Article
- Rheumatic heart disease burden and determinants in cardiac patients: A follow up care concern in Ethiopia.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2025Article
- Low household income increases risks for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young population: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in South Korea.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Early Life Adversity, Microbiome, and Inflammatory Responses.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Annual Research Review: Neuroimmune network model of depression: a developmental perspective.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2024Review
- Socioeconomic inequalities in early adulthood disrupt the immune transcriptomic landscape via upstream regulators.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Plasma adenosine deaminase-1 and -2 activities are lower at birth in Papua New Guinea than in The Gambia but converge over the first weeks of life.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Translational immunology: Applying fundamental discoveries to human health and autoimmune diseases.European journal of immunology · 2023Review
- Systemic Inflammation Contributes to the Association Between Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Midlife Cardiometabolic Risk.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Article
- Gender- and age-specific associations of childhood maltreatment with peripheral serum inflammatory cytokines in middle school students.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Health Disparities in COVID-19: Addressing the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Immune System Dysfunction to Turn the Tide.Frontiers in public health · 2020Article
- Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in placentas from preterm infants: association with maternal socioeconomic status.Epigenetics · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesLower socioeconomic status (SES) is consistently associated with poor health, yet little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying this inequality. In children, we examined the impact of early-life SES trajectories on the intensity of global innate immune activation, recognizing that excessive activation can be a precursor to inflammation and chronic disease.
methodsStimulated interleukin-6 production, a measure of immune responsiveness, was analyzed ex vivo for 267 Canadian schoolchildren from a 1995 birth cohort in Manitoba, Canada. Childhood SES trajectories were determined from parent-reported housing data using a longitudinal latent-class modeling technique. Multivariate regression was conducted with adjustment for potential confounders.
resultsSES was inversely associated with innate immune responsiveness (p=0.003), with persistently low-SES children exhibiting responses more than twice as intense as their high-SES counterparts. Despite initially lower SES, responses from children experiencing increasing SES trajectories throughout childhood were indistinguishable from high-SES children. Low-SES effects were strongest among overweight children (p<0.01). Independent of SES trajectories, immune responsiveness was increased in First Nations children (p<0.05) and urban children with atopic asthma (p<0.01).
conclusionsThese results implicate differential immune activation in the association between SES and clinical outcomes, and broadly imply that SES interventions during childhood could limit or reverse the damaging biological effects of exposure to poverty during the preschool years.
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