ArticlePLoS computational biology2012
Standing genetic variation and the evolution of drug resistance in HIV.
Article in PLoS computational biology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterisation of RT Connection and RNase H Polymorphisms in HIV-1 Subtype C in Botswana.Viruses · 2026Article
- Breakthrough infections and incomplete vaccine efficacy drive pathogen immune escape.PloS one · 2026Article
- Machine learning quantifies immuno-virological interactions: a TRIPOD+AI compliant prediction model for HIV-1 salvage therapy outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Exploring evolutionary trajectories of drug resistance.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- An ancient origin of the naked grains of maize.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The evolutionary cost of homophily: Social stratification facilitates stable variant coexistence and increased rates of evolution in host-associated pathogens.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Modelling HIV-1 control and remission.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Review
- The evolutionary cost of homophily: social stratification facilitates stable variant coexistence and increased rates of evolution in host-associated pathogens.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Allele frequency dynamics under sex-biased demography and sex-specific inheritance in a pedigreed jay population.Genetics · 2024Article
- Article
- The Phenomenon of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the Context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment: Dynamic and Ever Evolving Subject Matter.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Evolutionary druggability: leveraging low-dimensional fitness landscapes towards new metrics for antimicrobial applications.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Urban rendezvous along the seashore: Ports as Darwinian field labs for studying marine evolution in the Anthropocene.Evolutionary applications · 2023Article
- Evolutionary History and Strength of Selection Determine the Rate of Antibiotic Resistance Adaptation.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- A theory of resistance to multiplexed gene drive demonstrates the significant role of weakly deleterious natural genetic variation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- First line antiretroviral treatment failure and associated factors among people living with HIV in northwest Ethiopia.African health sciences · 2021Article
- High HIV-1 Virological Failure and Drug Resistance among Adult Patients Receiving First-Line ART for At least 12 Months at a Decentralized Urban HIV Clinic Setting in Senegal before the Test-and-Treat.Infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Pre-existing resistance in the latent reservoir can compromise VRC01 therapy during chronic HIV-1 infection.PLoS computational biology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drug resistance remains a major problem for the treatment of HIV. Resistance can occur due to mutations that were present before treatment starts or due to mutations that occur during treatment. The relative importance of these two sources is unknown. Resistance can also be transmitted between patients, but this process is not considered in the current study. We study three different situations in which HIV drug resistance may evolve: starting triple-drug therapy, treatment with a single dose of nevirapine and interruption of treatment. For each of these three cases good data are available from literature, which allows us to estimate the probability that resistance evolves from standing genetic variation. Depending on the treatment we find probabilities of the evolution of drug resistance due to standing genetic variation between 0 and 39%. For patients who start triple-drug combination therapy, we find that drug resistance evolves from standing genetic variation in approximately 6% of the patients. We use a population-dynamic and population-genetic model to understand the observations and to estimate important evolutionary parameters under the assumption that treatment failure is caused by the fixation of a single drug resistance mutation. We find that both the effective population size of the virus before treatment, and the fitness of the resistant mutant during treatment, are key-arameters which determine the probability that resistance evolves from standing genetic variation. Importantly, clinical data indicate that both of these parameters can be manipulated by the kind of treatment that is used.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.