ArticleAstrobiology2012
Resistance of bacterial endospores to outer space for planetary protection purposes--experiment PROTECT of the EXPOSE-E mission.
Article in Astrobiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Isolation of Radiation-Resistant Bacteria from Mars Analog Antarctic Dry Valleys by Preselection, and the Correlation between Radiation and Desiccation Resistance.Astrobiology · 2015Pooled it
- Extremophiles and Extremophilic Behaviour-New Insights and Perspectives.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Synergistic Interactions among Vacuum, Solar Heating, and UV Irradiation Enhance the Lethality of Interplanetary Space.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- The human microbiome in space: parallels between Earth-based dysbiosis, implications for long-duration spaceflight, and possible mitigation strategies.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- The extremotolerant desert mossInnovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2024Article
- An airlock concept to reduce contamination risks during the human exploration of Mars.NPJ microgravity · 2023Article
- New Thoughts on an Old Topic: Secrets of Bacterial Spore Resistance Slowly Being Revealed.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2023Review
- The smallest space miners: principles of space biomining.Extremophiles : life under extreme conditions · 2022Review
- Draft Genome Sequences of Heat Shock-Tolerant Microbes Isolated from a Spacecraft Assembly Facility.Microbiology resource announcements · 2021Article
- Performance of Multiple Metagenomics Pipelines in Understanding Microbial Diversity of a Low-Biomass Spacecraft Assembly Facility.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Molecular repertoire of Deinococcus radiodurans after 1 year of exposure outside the International Space Station within the Tanpopo mission.Microbiome · 2020Article
- Draft Genome Sequences ofMicrobiology resource announcements · 2020Article
- DNA Damage and Survival Time Course of Deinococcal Cell Pellets During 3 Years of Exposure to Outer Space.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Microbial Monitoring in the EDEN ISS Greenhouse, a Mobile Test Facility in Antarctica.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Inevitable future: space colonization beyond Earth with microbes first.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2019Article
- Alteration of Proteomes in First-Generation Cultures of Bacillus pumilus Spores Exposed to Outer Space.mSystems · 2019Article
- Observations on research with spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales species.Journal of applied microbiology · 2019Review
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Freezing Tolerance of Thermophilic Bacterial Endospores in Marine Sediments.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria are of particular concern in the context of planetary protection because their tough endospores may withstand certain sterilization procedures as well as the harsh environments of outer space or planetary surfaces. To test their hardiness on a hypothetical mission to Mars, spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 and Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 were exposed for 1.5 years to selected parameters of space in the experiment PROTECT during the EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station. Mounted as dry layers on spacecraft-qualified aluminum coupons, the "trip to Mars" spores experienced space vacuum, cosmic and extraterrestrial solar radiation, and temperature fluctuations, whereas the "stay on Mars" spores were subjected to a simulated martian environment that included atmospheric pressure and composition, and UV and cosmic radiation. The survival of spores from both assays was determined after retrieval. It was clearly shown that solar extraterrestrial UV radiation (λ≥110 nm) as well as the martian UV spectrum (λ≥200 nm) was the most deleterious factor applied; in some samples only a few survivors were recovered from spores exposed in monolayers. Spores in multilayers survived better by several orders of magnitude. All other environmental parameters encountered by the "trip to Mars" or "stay on Mars" spores did little harm to the spores, which showed about 50% survival or more. The data demonstrate the high chance of survival of spores on a Mars mission, if protected against solar irradiation. These results will have implications for planetary protection considerations.
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Registered trials
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