ArticlePreventive medicine2012
Maintenance of reinforcement to address the chronic nature of drug addiction.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- A review of the literature on contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders, 2009-2014.Preventive medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Abstinence-contingent wage supplements to promote drug abstinence and employment: Post-intervention outcomes.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- Evaluation of a Computer-Based Training Program to Teach Adults at Risk for HIV About Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education · 2018Trial
- The effects of the therapeutic workplace and heavy alcohol use on homelessness among homeless alcohol-dependent adults.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2016Trial
- Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to oral naltrexone in unemployed injection drug users: 12-month outcomes.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2015Trial
- Baseline characteristics of patients predicting suitability for rapid naltrexone induction.The American journal on addictions · 2015Trial
- The therapeutic workplace to promote treatment engagement and drug abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users: a randomized controlled trial.Preventive medicine · 2014Trial
- Employment-based abstinence reinforcement promotes opiate and cocaine abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users.Journal of applied behavior analysis · 2014Trial
- Monetary incentives to reinforce engagement and achievement in a job-skills training program for homeless, unemployed adults.Journal of applied behavior analysis · 2013Trial
- A therapeutic workplace for the long-term treatment of drug addiction and unemployment: eight-year outcomes of a social business intervention.Journal of substance abuse treatmentTrial
- Service User Perceptions of Addiction Treatment Services in Barcelona: Barriers, Gender, Stigma, Employment, and Recommendations for Improvement.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2026Article
- Social odor choice buffers drug craving.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Dissemination of Contingency Management for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder.Perspectives on behavior science · 2023Article
- Discounting of employment opportunities with urine drug testing requirements in opioid users enrolled in the Therapeutic Workplace.Journal of vocational rehabilitation · 2023Article
- The Protective Effect of Social Reward on Opioid and Psychostimulant Reward and Relapse: Behavior, Pharmacology, and Brain Regions.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Review
- Relapse after incentivized choice treatment in humans: A laboratory model for studying behavior change.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Factors modulating the incubation of drug and non-drug craving and their clinical implications.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Review
- The protective effect of operant social reward on cocaine self-administration, choice, and relapse is dependent on delay and effort for the social reward.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Article
- Individual differences in addiction-like behaviors and choice between cocaine versus food in Heterogeneous Stock rats.Psychopharmacology · 2021Article
- Animal Models of Drug Relapse and Craving after Voluntary Abstinence: A Review.Pharmacological reviews · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDrug addiction can be a chronic problem. Abstinence reinforcement can initiate drug abstinence, but as with other treatments many patients relapse after the intervention ends. Abstinence reinforcement can be maintained to promote long-term drug abstinence, but practical means of implementing long-term abstinence reinforcement are needed.
methodsWe reviewed 8 clinical trials conducted in Baltimore, MD from 1996 through 2010 that evaluated the therapeutic workplace as a vehicle for maintaining reinforcement for the treatment of drug addiction. The therapeutic workplace uses employment-based reinforcement in which employees must provide objective evidence of drug abstinence or medication adherence to work and earn wages.
resultsEmployment-based reinforcement can initiate (3 of 4 studies) and maintain (2 studies) cocaine abstinence in methadone patients, although relapse can occur even after long-term exposure to abstinence reinforcement (1 study). Employment-based reinforcement can also promote abstinence from alcohol in homeless alcohol dependent adults (1 study), and maintain adherence to extended-release naltrexone in opioid dependent adults (2 studies).
conclusionTreatments should seek to promote life-long effects in patients. Therapeutic reinforcement may need to be maintained indefinitely to prevent relapse. Workplaces could be effective vehicles for the maintenance of therapeutic reinforcement contingencies for drug abstinence and adherence to addiction medications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.