ReviewClinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)2012
The origin and properties of extracellular DNA: from PAMP to DAMP.
Review in Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 215 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictive Value of Perfusate Cell-free DNA During Hypothermic and Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Donor Kidneys.Transplantation direct · 2026Article
- Human gastric extracellular matrix hydrogels maintain organoid growth and reduce gene expression associated with stemness and inflammation.Biomedical materials (Bristol, England) · 2026Article
- Inflammasomes in Sjögren's Disease: Exploring the Therapeutic Value.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The SLC15A4-LAMTOR1 interaction licenses endolysosomal TLR-mediated mTOR signaling and inflammatory cytokine production.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Cell-free DNA size deconvolution resolves nucleosomal origins and reveals tumor-associated fragmentomic alterations.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Application and Limitations of Promising Biological Therapies in Livestock Production under the Context of Antibiotic Restrictions.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Perioperative Anesthesia Care: A Clinical Perspective.Anesthesia research · 2026Article
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Isoform Imbalance Is Associated with Innate Inflammation and Corneal Epitheliopathy in Dry Eye Disease.Ophthalmic research · 2026Article
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Dry Eye: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenic Mechanisms and Implications for Targeted Therapy.International journal of general medicine · 2026Review
- Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) Isoflavones Reduce Plasma Levels of Extracellular DNA and Histone Proteins in Rats with Experimental Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
- Between defence and delivery: the DNA sensing response to gene electrotransfer.Radiology and oncology · 2025Review
- Cafeteria and Fast-Food Diets Induce Neuroinflammation, Social Deficits, but a Different Cardiometabolic Phenotype.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Mitochondrial DNA signals driving immune responses: Why, How, Where?Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Investigation of Inflammatory Reduction During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Using a Novel Cytokine Adsorption Column: A Rat Model Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- GC-Reach DNA Fragments Reduce the Expression of Survival Genes in MCF7 Breast Carcinoma Cells: TLR9/MyD88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
- Association between extracellular DNA levels, markers of inflammation and left ventricular mass index in children with chronic kidney disease.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Article
- Equine neutrophils selectively release neutrophil extracellular traps in response to chemical and bacterial agonists.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Cell-free DNA integrity and complement C4d as novel liquid biopsy biomarkers for paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cell-free DNA predicts all-cause mortality of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury.Renal failure · 2024Article
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
DNA is a polymeric macromolecule whose biological activities depend on location as well as binding to associated molecules. Inside the cell, DNA is the source of genetic information and binds histones to form nucleosomes. DNA can exit the cell, however, to enter the extracellular space primarily during cell death, either apoptosis or necrosis, as well as NETosis. While bacterial DNA is a potent immune stimulant by virtue of its CpG motifs, mammalian DNA, which is ordinarily inactive, can acquire activity by associating with nuclear, cytoplasmic and serum proteins which promote its uptake into cells to stimulate internal DNA sensors, including Toll-like receptor 9. Among these proteins, anti-DNA autoantibodies can form immune complexes with DNA to stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce type 1 interferon. Together, these findings suggest that the immune properties of DNA are mutable and diverse, reflecting its context and the array of attached molecules.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.