ArticleThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale2011
Practices and perceptions regarding pain and pain management during routine childhood immunizations: Findings from a focus-group study with nurses working at Toronto Public Health, Ontario.
Article in The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Reducing distress during vaccine injections: 2026 clinical practice guideline update.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026Guideline
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Process Interventions for Reducing Distress During Vaccine Injections.The Clinical journal of pain · 2026Pooled it
- Process Interventions for Vaccine Injections: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials and Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trials.The Clinical journal of pain · 2015Pooled it
- Effect of alcohol skin cleansing on vaccination-associated infections and local skin reactions: a randomized controlled trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Trial
- Omission of alcohol skin cleansing and risk of adverse events in long-term care residents undergoing COVID-19 vaccination: A cohort study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Pain management in infant immunisation: A cross-sectional survey of UK primary care nurses.Primary health care research & development · 2023Article
- Managing pain and fear: Playing your CARDs to improve the vaccination experience.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2021Article
- Dynamics on the field: a focused study on the culture and context of pediatric pain management at four Ghanaian hospitals.BMC pediatrics · 2020Article
- Stakeholder feedback on The CARD™ System to improve the vaccination experience at school.Paediatrics & child health · 2019Article
- Children's Pain and Distress at a Public Influenza Vaccination Clinic: A Parent Survey and Public Observation Study.Journal of community health · 2019Observational
- Involving stakeholders in informing the development of a Knowledge Translation (KT) intervention to improve the vaccination experience at school.Paediatrics & child health · 2019Article
- Overview of a Knowledge Translation (KT) Project to improve the vaccination experience at school: The CARD™ System.Paediatrics & child health · 2019Article
- The CARD™ System for improving the vaccination experience at school: Results of a small-scale implementation project on program delivery.Paediatrics & child health · 2019Article
- Taking the sting out of school-based immunizations.Paediatrics & child health · 2017Article
- HELPinKids&Adults Knowledge Synthesis of the Management of Vaccination Pain and High Levels of Needle Fear: Limitations of the Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research.The Clinical journal of pain · 2015Review
- From the mouth of babes: Getting vaccinated doesn't have to hurt.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2014Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDespite the availability of a variety of evidence-based interventions, it has previously been reported that the majority of infants and children undergo vaccine injections without the benefit of analgesia. Nurses in public health administer a substantial number of injections; however, their attitudes and practices surrounding acute pain during vaccine injections have not been previously explored.
methodsA focus-group interview was conducted in Toronto, Ontario, with 10 nurses who immunize children. Participants reported their perceptions and practices with regard to vaccine injection pain and pain management.
resultsTHREE KEY THEMES EMERGED: environmental and process factors, perceptions regarding the effectiveness of different analgesic interventions, and perceptions regarding pain and fear. Participants reported a lack of control over their environment, resulting in fear and discomfort for children. They recommended increased support from external partners such as school teachers and administrators. Participants reported that pharmacological interventions, such as topical local anesthetics, were not used; however, psychological and physical interventions were commonly used. Nurses questioned the effectiveness of topical anesthetics, and indicated that more education was required regarding effective analgesic interventions. Needle pain was reported to be the most prominent concern for children undergoing vaccine injections, and children were described as being fearful. DISCUSSION: Nurses reported vaccination setting, analgesic effectiveness and relative importance given to pain as important factors for pain and pain management during vaccine injections. Future studies should explore whether additional perspectives are present in vaccinators in other geographical regions. The effectiveness of educational resources and pain management programs aimed at improving current practices should be investigated.
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