ArticlePatient preference and adherence2012
Treatment-resistant depression: therapeutic trends, challenges, and future directions.
Article in Patient preference and adherence, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 373 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The myGenes Study:Individualizing Antidepressant Treatment Using Pharmacogenomics and EHR-driven Clinical Decision Support
The Antidepressant Advisor: A Decision Support System for UK Primary Care - a Feasibility Study: Study 3
Exercise Recovery From Persistent Major Depression in a UK Tertiary Care Centre: A Qualitative Thematic Analysis of Barriers and Drivers to Participation in a Structured Group Exercise Program
Who cites it
373 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 742 citations in OpenAlex.
- Microglia associated research in depression: an exploratory trends analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Depressive disorders: systematic review of approved psychiatric medications (2009-April 2025) and pipeline phase 3 medications.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Predicting the treatment outcomes of major depressive disorder interventions with baseline resting-state functional connectivity: a meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The Effect of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Levels of Depression, Anxiety, and Cognitive Function: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Endocannabinoids and Stress-Related Neurospsychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Basal Concentrations and Response to Acute Psychosocial Stress.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the preclinical and clinical results of low-field magnetic stimulation in cognitive disorders.Reviews in the neurosciences · 2024Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness and threshold analysis of deep brain stimulation vs. treatment-as-usual for treatment-resistant depression.Translational psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Treatment-Resistant Depression in Real-World Clinical Practice: A Systematic Literature Review of Data from 2012 to 2022.Advances in therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Addressing depression in older adults with Alzheimer's through cognitive behavioral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Esketamine nasal spray versus quetiapine XR in adults with treatment-resistant depression: a secondary analysis of the ESCAPE-TRD randomized clinical trial.CNS spectrums · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Midazolam-Controlled Trial of Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression and Prominent Suicidal Ideation.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Treatment-Resistant Depression as a Heterogeneous Clinical Syndrome: A Personalized Medicine Framework for Diagnostic Reassessment, Suicide Risk, and Mechanism-Based Treatment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Oncology Providers' Perspectives on Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy.The American journal of hospice & palliative care · 2026Article
- Resting-state fMRI-based machine learning for predicting SSRI treatment response in major depressive disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Biomarkers for mood disorders: A scoping review of research from India.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2026Review
- Preclinical models for evaluating psychedelics in the treatment of major depressive disorder.British journal of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Basic and clinical research on acupuncture for post-stroke depression: A narrative review.World journal of methodology · 2026Review
313 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients with major depression respond to antidepressant treatment, but 10%-30% of them do not improve or show a partial response coupled with functional impairment, poor quality of life, suicide ideation and attempts, self-injurious behavior, and a high relapse rate. The aim of this paper is to review the therapeutic options for treating resistant major depressive disorder, as well as evaluating further therapeutic options.
methodsIn addition to Google Scholar and Quertle searches, a PubMed search using key words was conducted, and relevant articles published in English peer-reviewed journals (1990-2011) were retrieved. Only those papers that directly addressed treatment options for treatment-resistant depression were retained for extensive review.
resultsTreatment-resistant depression, a complex clinical problem caused by multiple risk factors, is targeted by integrated therapeutic strategies, which include optimization of medications, a combination of antidepressants, switching of antidepressants, and augmentation with non-antidepressants, psychosocial and cultural therapies, and somatic therapies including electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, deep brain stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation. As a corollary, more than a third of patients with treatment-resistant depression tend to achieve remission and the rest continue to suffer from residual symptoms. The latter group of patients needs further study to identify the most effective therapeutic modalities. Newer biomarker-based antidepressants and other drugs, together with non-drug strategies, are on the horizon to address further the multiple complex issues of treatment-resistant depression.
conclusionTreatment-resistant depression continues to challenge mental health care providers, and further relevant research involving newer drugs is warranted to improve the quality of life of patients with the disorder.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.