ArticleInnate immunity2013
Comparison of the potency of a variety of β-glucans to induce cytokine production in human whole blood.
Article in Innate immunity, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incorporating Euglena gracilis into the habitual diet modulates immune function and reduces common cold-like symptoms: a randomized controlled trial.Nutrition journal · 2026Trial
- Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Structurally distinct yeast-derived β-glucans modulate intestinal morphology and microbial metabolism in broiler chickens differentially.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Differential Safety and Lipid Control Efficacy of β-1,3/1,6-Glucan Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides Derived FromFood science & nutrition · 2026Article
- Bacterial metabolites induce cell wall remodeling, antifungal resistance, and immune recognition of commensal fungi.Current biology : CB · 2026Article
- New glycoside hydrolase families of β-1,2-glucanases.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2025Article
- Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Glucans from Fermentation-Produced Nutraceutical Bionutri-AR1Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Safety evaluation of curdlan as a food additive.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Potent induction of trained immunity byFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- β-glucan: a potent adjuvant in immunotherapy for digestive tract tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- β-glucans from Euglena gracilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae effects on immunity and inflammatory parameters in dogs.PloS one · 2024Article
- Immunomodulatory Effect and Biological Significance of β-Glucans.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Probiotic potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GILA with alleviating intestinal inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis mouse model.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- β-Glucans in particulate and solubilized forms elicit varied immunomodulatory and apoptosis effects in teleost macrophages in a dosedependent manner.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Synthesis of bioactive (1→6)-β-glucose branched poly-amido-saccharides that stimulate and induce M1 polarization in macrophages.Nature communications · 2022Article
- More Prominent Inflammatory Response to Pachyman than to Whole-Glucan Particle and Oat-β-Glucans in Dextran Sulfate-Induced Mucositis Mice and Mouse Injection through Proinflammatory Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- From structure to function - Ligand recognition by myeloid C-type lectin receptors.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2022Review
- Beneficial Immune Regulation by Biological Response Modifier Glucans in COVID-19 and Their Envisaged Potentials in the Management of Sepsis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs: from non-specific formulation approaches to intestinal cell targeting strategies.Theranostics · 2022Review
- Drug delivery carriers with therapeutic functions.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
β-Glucans are components of fungal cell walls and potent stimulants of innate immunity. The majority of research on biological activities of glucans has focused on β-(1→3)-glucans, which have been implicated in relation to fungal exposure-associated respiratory symptoms and as important stimulatory agents in anti-fungal immune responses. Fungi-and bacteria and plants-produce a wide variety of glucans with vast differences in the proportion and arrangement of their β-(1→3)-, -(1→4)- and -(1→6)-glycosidic linkages. Thus far, the pro-inflammatory potential of different β-glucans has not been studied within the same experimental model. Therefore, we compared the potency of 13 different glucan preparations to induce in vitro production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in human, whole blood cultures. The strongest inducers of all cytokines were pustulan [β-(1→6)-glucan], lichenan [β-(1→3)-(1→4)-glucan], xyloglucan [β-(1→4)-glucan] and pullulan [α-(1→4)-(1→6)-glucan]. Moderate-to-strong cytokine production was observed for curdlan [β-(1→3)-glucan], baker's yeast glucan [β-(1→3)-(1→6)-glucan] and barley glucan [β-(1→3)-(1→4)-glucan], while all other glucan preparations induced very low, or no, detectable levels of cytokines. We therefore conclude that innate immunity reactions are not exclusively induced by β-(1→3)-glucans, but also by β-(1→6)- and β-(1→4)-structures. Thus, not only β-(1→3)-glucan, but also other β-glucans and particularly β-(1→6)-glucans should be considered in future research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.