ArticleFrontiers in oncology2011
Preliminary clinical and pharmacologic investigation of photodynamic therapy with the silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizer pc 4 for primary or metastatic cutaneous cancers.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Photo- and Immunotherapy Interface: Can Dendritic Cell Vaccines Overcome the Limitations of PDT?Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Article
- Spectroscopic Insights into the Localization and Photodynamic Efficacy of Aluminum Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine for Colorectal Cancer Therapy.The journal of physical chemistry. B · 2025Article
- Photodynamic Therapy in Primary Cutaneous Skin Lymphoma-Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Nanoparticles Yield Increased Drug Uptake and Therapeutic Efficacy upon Sequential Near-Infrared Irradiation.ACS nano · 2020Article
- Article
- Photodynamic Therapy for Cancer: What's Past is Prologue.Photochemistry and photobiology · 2020Review
- Investigation of combined photodynamic and radiotherapy effects of gallium phthalocyanine chloride on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.Journal of biological inorganic chemistry : JBIC : a publication of the Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry · 2020Article
- Photodynamic therapy for cancer: Role of natural products.Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy · 2019Review
- On the in vivo photochemical rate parameters for PDT reactive oxygen species modeling.Physics in medicine and biology · 2017Review
- New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.The Biochemical journal · 2016Review
- Drug Carrier for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2015Review
- C6-pyridinium ceramide sensitizes SCC17B human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells to photodynamic therapy.Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology · 2015Article
- Dye Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2013Review
- Syntheses and Photodynamic Activity of Pegylated Cationic Zn(II)-Phthalocyanines in HEp2 Cells.Theranostics · 2012Article
- Synthesis, spectroscopic, and cellular properties of α-pegylatedJournal of porphyrins and phthalocyaninesArticle
- Fluence rate-dependent photobleaching of intratumorally administered Pc 4 does not predict tumor growth delay.Photochemistry and photobiologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cutaneous malignancies has been found to be an effective treatment with a range of photosensitizers. The phthalocyanine Pc 4 was developed initially for PDT of primary or metastatic cancers in the skin. A Phase I trial was initiated to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of systemically administered Pc 4 followed by red light (Pc 4-PDT) in cutaneous malignancies. A dose-escalation study of Pc 4 (starting dose 0.135 mg/m(2)) at a fixed light fluence (135 J/cm(2) of 675-nm light) was initiated in patients with primary or metastatic cutaneous malignancies with the aim of establishing the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Blood samples were taken at intervals over the first 60 h post-PDT for pharmacokinetic analysis, and patients were evaluated for toxicity and tumor response. A total of three patients (two females with breast cancer and one male with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) were enrolled and treated over the dose range of 0.135 mg/m(2) (first dose level) to 0.54 mg/m(2) (third dose level). Grade 3 erythema within the photoirradiated area was induced in patient 2, and transient tumor regression in patient 3, in spite of the low photosensitizer doses. Pharmacokinetic observations fit a three-compartment exponential elimination model with an initial rapid distribution phase (∼0.2 h) and relatively long terminal elimination phase (∼28 h), Because of restrictive exclusion criteria and resultant poor accrual, the trial was closed before MTD could be reached. While the limited accrual to this initial Phase I study did not establish the MTD nor establish a complete pharmacokinetic and safety profile of intravenous Pc 4-PDT, these preliminary data support further Phase I testing of this new photosensitizer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.