Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22642228›Full record

SynthesisPsychological bulletin2013

Major depressive disorder is associated with broad impairments on neuropsychological measures of executive function: a meta-analysis and review.

Hannah R Snyder

Registry-linked trialAbstract readMeta-AnalysisReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Psychological bulletin, 2013. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05936697 (Neurofeedback Training to Improve Prefrontal Functioning in Older Adults With Subclinical Depression and Anxiety), which is not on this map. Cited by 701 papers, 13 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
701citing papers in PubMed, 13 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05936697 naunknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Neurofeedback Training to Improve Prefrontal Functioning in Older Adults With Subclinical Depression and Anxiety: a Randomised Control Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityRan2023 to 2024Enrolled90ConditionsDepression, AnxietyArmsfNIRS, EEG, Baseline Training
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

701 citing papers in PubMed, 13 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Creative thinking in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
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641 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

Hannah R SnyderDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. snyderhr@colorado.edu

Funding

Prefrontal mechanisms for retrieval and selection in cognitive controlF31MH087073 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI SNYDER, HANNAH R. · 2009 to 2011
$92k
NIMH NIH HHS F31 MH087073NIMH NIH HHS F31-MH087073
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive impairments are now widely acknowledged as an important aspect of major depressive disorder (MDD), and it has been proposed that executive function (EF) may be particularly impaired in patients with MDD. However, the existence and nature of EF impairments associated with depression remain strongly debated. Although many studies have found significant deficits associated with MDD on neuropsychological measures of EF, others have not, potentially due to low statistical power, task impurity, and diverse patient samples, and there have been no recent, comprehensive, meta-analyses investigating EF in patients with MDD. The current meta-analysis uses random-effects models to synthesize 113 previous research studies that compared participants with MDD to healthy control participants on at least one neuropsychological measure of EF. Results of the meta-analysis demonstrate that MDD is reliably associated with impaired performance on neuropsychological measures of EF, with effect sizes ranging from 0.32 to 0.97. Although patients with MDD also have slower processing speed, motor slowing alone cannot account for these results. In addition, some evidence suggests that deficits on neuropsychological measures of EF are greater in patients with more severe current depression symptoms, and those taking psychotropic medications, whereas evidence for effects of age was weaker. The results are consistent with the theory that MDD is associated with broad impairment in multiple aspects of EF. Implications for treatment of MDD and theories of EF are discussed. Future research is needed to establish the specificity and causal link between MDD and EF impairments.

Indexed as

Executive FunctionCognition DisordersHumansMajor Depressive DisorderNeuropsychological Tests

Identifiers

PMID22642228
PMCPMC3436964

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.