Trial reportPediatrics2012
Developmental status of 1-year-old infants fed breast milk, cow's milk formula, or soy formula.
Trial report in Pediatrics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neonatal diet alters fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles at different ages in infants fed breast milk or formula.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Effects of cow milk versus extensive protein hydrolysate formulas on infant cognitive development.Amino acids · 2016Trial
- Longitudinal Evaluation from Birth to Adolescence of Soy Protein-Based Infant Formula Compared with Cow Milk-Based Formula and Breastfeeding: A Comprehensive Summary of Findings.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Soy Protein-Based Infant Formula Feeding Association with Adolescent Growth, Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Health, and Pubertal Development in Comparison with Cow's Milk-Based Infant Formula and Human Milk Feeding.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Observational
- Effects of Early Infant Nutrition on Aperiodic Exponent From 2 to 12 Months Using EEG Analysis.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- Milk extracellular vesicles: A burgeoning new presence in nutraceuticals and drug delivery.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2025Review
- Multimodal machine learning for modeling infant head circumference, mothers' milk composition, and their shared environment.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Breast and Formula Milk and Early Puberty Onset.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Nutritional risks in children with food allergy.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2023Article
- Evidence for human milk as a biological system and recommendations for study design-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 4.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Effects of Early Nutrition Factors on Baseline Neurodevelopment during the First 6 Months of Life: An EEG Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Impact of feeding habits on the development of language-specific processing of phonemes in brain: An event-related potentials study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Soybean genetic resources contributing to sustainable protein production.TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik · 2022Review
- Review
- Effects of Soy-Based Infant Formula on Weight Gain and Neurodevelopment in an Autism Mouse Model.Cells · 2022Article
- Preliminary evidence that lectins in infant soy formula apparently bind bovine milk exosomes and prevent their absorption in healthy adults.BMC nutrition · 2022Article
- Small Extracellular Vesicles in Milk Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier in Murine Cerebral Cortex Endothelial Cells and Promote Dendritic Complexity in the Hippocampus and Brain Function in C57BL/6J Mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Early infant feeding effect on growth and body composition during the first 6 years and neurodevelopment at age 72 months.Pediatric research · 2021Article
- Article
- Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics.Nutrients · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveAlthough soy formula has been reported to support normal development, concerns exist regarding potential adverse developmental effects of phytochemicals associated with soy protein. This study characterized developmental status (mental, motor, and language) of breastfed (BF), milk-based formula-fed (MF), or soy protein-based formula-fed (SF) infants during the first year of life.
methodsHealthy infants (N = 391) were assessed longitudinally at ages 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Development was evaluated by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Preschool Language Scale-3. Mixed effects models were used while adjusting for socioeconomic status, mother's age and IQ, gestational age, gender, birth weight, head circumference, race, age, and diet history.
resultsNo differences were found between formula-fed infants (MF versus SF). BF infants scored slightly higher than formula-fed infants on the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) score at ages 6 and 12 months (P < .05). Infants who were breastfed also had higher Psychomotor Development Index scores than SF infants at age 6 months and slightly higher Preschool Language Scale-3 scores than MF infants at ages 3 and 6 months (P < .05). In addition, BF infants had a lower probability to score within the lower MDI quartile compared with MF infants and a higher likelihood to score within the upper quartile for the MDI and Psychomotor Development Index compared with SF infants.
conclusionsThis unique study showed that all scores on developmental testing were within established normal ranges and that MF and SF groups did not differ significantly. Furthermore, this study demonstrated a slight advantage of BF infants on cognitive development compared with formula-fed infants.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.