ReviewJournal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN2012
Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins.
Review in Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 510 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of a Nutritional Supplement of Probiotics and/or Prebiotics vs Placebo on Serum Concentrations of Uremic Toxins and Inflammatory Cytokines in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.
Is Reiki Effective In Coping With the Symptoms Experienced by Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis?: Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
510 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 931 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal Models for Studying Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Removal-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Metabolic Signatures of Youth Exposure to Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Multi-Cohort Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Serum and Urine Metabolites in Healthy Men after Consumption of Acidified Milk and Yogurt.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome through the lens of gut‑derived uremic toxins.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications in Uremic Toxins From 1991 to 2024.Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy · 2026Review
- Urinary Volatilomic Profiling Reveals Candidate Metabolomic Signatures Associated with Colorectal Cancer.Biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Trimethylamine N-oxide and Homocysteine in Kidney Function and Disease: Distinct Metabolic Origins, Shared Renal Determinants and Pathophysiological Pathways.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Oral LNAD+ rapidly elevates whole blood intracellular NAD and metabolic flux without elevating plasma NAD: evidence from a randomized controlled trial.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Review
- Mitochondria: The Crossroads of Complement Activation and Kidney Injury Progression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Research advancement on the correlation between gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Declining eGFR and Uremia Are Associated with Remnant Cholesterol Accumulation and Reduced HDL-C in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A urea-activated nanocarrier for site-specific SGLT2 inhibition and metabolic rescue against cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mapping the mammalian dark metabolome bybioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Gut-kidney axis: Dysbiosis and renal disease.World journal of nephrology · 2026Review
450 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
An updated review of the existing knowledge regarding uremic toxins facilitates the design of experimental studies. We performed a literature search and found 621 articles about uremic toxicity published after a 2003 review of this topic. Eighty-seven records provided serum or blood measurements of one or more solutes in patients with CKD. These records described 32 previously known uremic toxins and 56 newly reported solutes. The articles most frequently reported concentrations of β2-microglobulin, indoxyl sulfate, homocysteine, uric acid, and parathyroid hormone. We found most solutes (59%) in only one report. Compared with previous results, more recent articles reported higher uremic concentrations of many solutes, including carboxymethyllysine, cystatin C, and parathyroid hormone. However, five solutes had uremic concentrations less than 10% of the originally reported values. Furthermore, the uremic concentrations of four solutes did not exceed their respective normal concentrations, although they had been previously described as uremic retention solutes. In summary, this review extends the classification of uremic retention solutes and their normal and uremic concentrations, and it should aid the design of experiments to study the biologic effects of these solutes in CKD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.