ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2012
Structure-dependent immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and their delivery system.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 189 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of the protective effect of human respiratory syncytial virus Pre-F protein combined with different adjuvants in BALB/c mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Hematopoietic and T-lymphopoiesis-stimulating effects of a fluorinated pyrazolopiperidine β-cyclodextrin complex in cyclophosphamide-induced hematopoietic suppression.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Designing Programmable Peptide Nucleic Acid-based Nanovaccines for Anticancer Immune Activation.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Ferroptosis meets cancer immunotherapy: Overcoming the crosstalk challenges through advanced drug delivery strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Mannose Targeting and Hydrophobic Tuning of Polycationic Vectors for Efficient Immunostimulatory CpG Delivery.ACS applied nano materials · 2025Article
- Chitosan Microparticles Coupled with MAGE-AX and CpGs as a Treatment for Murine Melanoma.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Graphene Nanocomposites in the Targeting Tumor Microenvironment: Recent Advances in TME Reprogramming.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Destabilising Effect of Class B CpG Adjuvants on Different Proteins and Vaccine Candidates.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Recent developments in two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide-based multimodal cancer theranostics.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Effect of chondroitin sulfate modified polyethyleneimine on mediating oligodeoxynucleotide YW002 in the treatment of periodontitis.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Plasmid DNA ionisable lipid nanoparticles as non-inert carriers and potent immune activators for cancer immunotherapy.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2024Article
- Surface charge-dependent cytokine production using near-infrared emitting silicon quantum dots.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Antisense oligonucleotides and their applications in rare neurological diseases.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
- Control of A/D type CpG-ODN aggregates to a suitable size for induction of strong immunostimulant activity.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2023Article
- Influence of the Charge Ratio of Guanine-Quadruplex Structure-Based CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides and Cationic DOTAP Liposomes on Cytokine Induction Profiles.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- "Just right" combinations of adjuvants with nanoscale carriers activate aged dendritic cells without overt inflammation.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Screening of Optimal CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide for Anti-Inflammatory Responses in the Avian Macrophage Cell Line HD11.The journal of poultry science · 2023Article
- The Use of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Delivery of CpG ODN in Treatment of Allergic Balb/C Mice.Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology · 2023Article
- Effect of oligonucleotide MT01 delivered by N-isopropylacrylamide modified polyethyleneimine for bone regeneration.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2023Article
- TLR9 and Glioma: Friends or Foes?Cells · 2022Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) found in antigen-presenting cells and B cells and can activate the immune system. Using CpG ODNs as an adjuvant has been found to be effective for treating infectious diseases, cancers, and allergies. Because natural ODNs with only a phosphodiester backbone are easily degraded by nuclease (deoxyribonuclease [DNase]) in serum, CpG ODNs with a phosphorothioate backbone have been studied for clinical application. CpG ODNs with a phosphorothioate backbone have raised concern regarding undesirable side effects; however, several CpG ODNs with only a phosphodiester backbone have been reported to be stable in serum and to show an immunostimulatory effect. In recent years, research has been conducted on delivery systems for CpG ODNs using nanoparticles (NPs). The advantages of NP-based delivery of CpG ODN include (1) it can protect CpG ODN from DNase, (2) it can retain CpG ODN inside the body for a long period of time, (3) it can improve the cellular uptake efficiency of CpG ODN, and (4) it can deliver CpG ODN to the target tissues. Because the target cells of CpG ODN are cells of the immune system and TLR9, the receptor of CpG ODN is localized in endolysosomes, CpG ODN delivery systems are required to have qualities different from other nucleic acid drugs such as antisense DNA and small interfering RNA. Studies until now have reported various NPs as carriers for CpG ODN delivery. This review presents DNase-resistant CpG ODNs with various structures and their immunostimulatory effects and also focuses on delivery systems of CpG ODNs that utilize NPs. Because CpG ODNs interact with TLR9 and activate both the innate and the adaptive immune system, the application of CpG ODNs for the treatment of cancers, infectious diseases, and allergies holds great promise.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.