ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2012
Molecular characterization of the 2011 Hong Kong scarlet fever outbreak.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes M1Nature communications · 2023Article
- Insertion of an immunodominant T helper cell epitope within the Group AFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
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- Characterization of the Type I Restriction Modification System Broadly Conserved among Group A Streptococci.mSphere · 2021Article
- Streptococcal superantigens and the return of scarlet fever.PLoS pathogens · 2021Review
- Cryptic prophages within aMicrobial genomics · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
25 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A scarlet fever outbreak occurred in Hong Kong in 2011. The majority of cases resulted in the isolation of Streptococcus pyogenes emm12 with multiple antibiotic resistances. Phylogenetic analysis of 22 emm12 scarlet fever outbreak isolates, 7 temporally and geographically matched emm12 non-scarlet fever isolates, and 18 emm12 strains isolated during 2005-2010 indicated the outbreak was multiclonal. Genome sequencing of 2 nonclonal scarlet fever isolates (HKU16 and HKU30), coupled with diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assays, identified 2 mobile genetic elements distributed across the major lineages: a 64.9-kb integrative and conjugative element encoding tetracycline and macrolide resistance and a 46.4-kb prophage encoding superantigens SSA and SpeC and the DNase Spd1. Phenotypic comparison of HKU16 and HKU30 with the S. pyogenes M1T1 strain 5448 revealed that HKU16 displays increased adherence to HEp-2 human epithelial cells, whereas HKU16, HKU30, and 5448 exhibit equivalent resistance to neutrophils and virulence in a humanized plasminogen murine model. However, in contrast to M1T1, the virulence of HKU16 and HKU30 was not associated with covRS mutation. The multiclonal nature of the emm12 scarlet fever isolates suggests that factors such as mobile genetic elements, environmental factors, and host immune status may have contributed to the 2011 scarlet fever outbreak.
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