ReviewClimacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society2012
Hormone therapy, dementia, and cognition: the Women's Health Initiative 10 years on.
Review in Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menopausal hormone therapy does not improve some domains of memory: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Acupuncture for menopausal vasomotor symptoms: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Trials · 2014Trial
- Menopausal Hormone Treatment as a Preventive against the Progress of Chronic Diseases in Menopausal Women.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2026Review
- Ocular microvascular changes in hypoestrogenism: an OCT/OCTA systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Migraine and menopause as converging factors in brain vulnerability: a hypothesis-driven perspective.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Reproductive history differentially shapes the neural response of middle-aged hAPOEɛ4 female rats to estradiol therapy after a metabolic challenge.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Transdermal Hormonal Therapy in Menopause: Current Evidence and Personalized Approaches.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Review
- Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of neuropsychiatric disease: a drug target Mendelian randomisation study.npj women's health · 2026Article
- Aging, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke: A 25-year longitudinal analysis of U.S. mortality trends.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Risk of Cognitive Decline in Women with Parkinson's Disease Is Reduced by Early Age at Menarche.Neurology international · 2025Article
- The 2025 Menopausal Hormone Therapy Guidelines - Korean Society of Menopause.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2025Review
- Risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease following androgen deprivation therapy in a real world nationwide cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Estrogen, menopause, and Alzheimer's disease: understanding the link to cognitive decline in women.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Parity and Risk of Dementia in Women: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Article
- Review
- Cognitive Decline in Early and Premature Menopause.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- How preclinical models of menopause can inform clinical care: A focus on midlife and reciprocal communication between clinical and preclinical science.Current opinion in endocrine and metabolic research · 2023Article
- Role of estrogen in women's Alzheimer's disease risk as modified by APOE.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2023Review
- A computational lens on menopause-associated psychosis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Principal findings on dementia from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) showed that conjugated equine estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE/MPA) increase dementia risk in women aged 65 years and above, but not risk of mild cognitive impairment. The dementia finding was unexpected, given consistent observational evidence that associates use of estrogen-containing hormone therapy with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. It remains controversial whether hormone use by younger postmenopausal women near the time of menopause reduces dementia risk or whether WHIMS findings should be generalized to younger women. Given the challenges of conducting a primary prevention trial to address that question, it is helpful to consider the impact of hormone therapy on cognitive test performance, particularly verbal memory, for its own sake and as a proxy for dementia risk. The WHI Study of Cognitive Aging (WHISCA) showed that CEE/MPA worsened verbal memory, whereas CEE alone had no influence on cognition. These findings have been replicated in several randomized, clinical trials. The apparent negative effect of CEE/MPA on verbal memory does not appear to be age-dependent. Additional investigations are needed to understand the impact of other hormonally active compounds on dementia and cognitive outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.