ArticleClimacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society2012
The timing hypothesis for coronary heart disease prevention with hormone therapy: past, present and future in perspective.
Article in Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Association Between Hormone Therapy and Muscle Mass in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2019Pooled it
- Safety of hormonal replacement therapy and oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2014Pooled it
- Effect of hormone therapy on tryptophan metabolism and atherosclerosis among postmenopausal women.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Cardiovascular β-Adrenergic Receptor Distribution and Function: Influence of Species, Sex, Age, and Tissue.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Effects of Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Uterine Fibroids in Women During Menopausal Transition.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Article
- Metabolic Messengers: oestradiol.Nature metabolism · 2025Review
- Review
- Hypertension after the Menopause: What Can We Learn from Experimental Studies?Physiological research · 2023Review
- A pragmatic approach to the management of menopause.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2023Review
- Systemic hormone therapy and dementia: A nested case-control and co-twin control study.Maturitas · 2022Article
- Estrogen Metabolite 2-Methoxyestradiol Attenuates Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Rats by Downregulating Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Signalling mechanisms in the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen: With a focus on rapid/membrane signalling.Current research in physiology · 2021Review
- Review
- Menopausal hormone therapy in questions and answers - a manual for physicians of various specialties.Przeglad menopauzalny = Menopause review · 2019Article
- A systematic review and meta-regression analysis to examine the 'timing hypothesis' of hormone replacement therapy on mortality, coronary heart disease, and stroke.International journal of cardiology. Heart & vasculature · 2019Article
- Menopause hormone therapy: latest developments and clinical practice.Drugs in context · 2019Review
- Hormone treatments in congestive heart failure.The Journal of international medical research · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Over the past decade, two informative events in primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) have occurred for women's health. The first concerns hormone replacement therapy (HRT) where data have come full circle from presumed harm to consistency with observational data that HRT initiation in close proximity to menopause significantly reduces CHD and overall mortality. The other concerns sex-specific efficacy of CHD primary prevention therapies where lipid-lowering and aspirin therapy have not been conclusively shown to significantly reduce CHD and, more importantly, where there is lack of evidence that either therapy reduces overall mortality in women. Cumulated data support a 'window-of-opportunity' for maximal reduction of CHD and overall mortality and minimization of risks with HRT initiation before 60 years of age and/or within 10 years of menopause and continued for 6 years or more. There is a substantial increase in quality-adjusted life-years over a 5-30-year period in women who initiate HRT in close proximity to menopause, supporting HRT as a highly cost-effective strategy for improving quality-adjusted life. Although primary prevention therapies and HRT contrast in their efficacy to significantly reduce CHD and especially overall mortality in postmenopausal women, the magnitude and types of risks associated with HRT are similar to those associated with other medications commonly used in women's health. The cumulated data highlight the importance of studying the HRT cardioprotective hypothesis in women representative of those from whom the hypothesis was generated.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.