ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2012
Subminimal inhibitory concentrations of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride select for a tolerant subpopulation of Escherichia coli with inheritable characteristics.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efflux pump SugE2 involved in protection of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- against quaternary ammonium salts and inhibition of virulence.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Impact of Environmental Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics, Heavy Metals, and Biocides on the Emergence of Tolerance and Effects on the Mutant Selection Window inMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Quaternary ammonium disinfectants and antiseptics: tolerance, resistance and potential impact on antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Review
- Antibiofilm Action of Plant Terpenes inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Review
- The effect of disinfectants and antiseptics on co- and cross-selection of resistance to antibiotics in aquatic environments and wastewater treatment plants.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Ciprofloxacin induced antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium mutants and genome analysis.Archives of microbiology · 2021Article
- Persistence against benzalkonium chloride promotes rapid evolution of tolerance during periodic disinfection.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles of UropathogenicAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Identification of common highly expressed genes of Salmonella Enteritidis by in silico prediction of gene expression and in vitro transcriptomic analysis.Poultry science · 2019Article
- Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to benzalkonium chloride retards its growth and enhances biofilm production.Molecular biology reports · 2019Article
- Loss of Function in Escherichia coli Exposed to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Benzalkonium Chloride.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2019Article
- Drug resistance of oral bacteria to new antibacterial dental monomer dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Article
- The use of minimum selectable concentrations (MSCs) for determining the selection of antimicrobial resistant bacteria.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2017Article
- Hydrosol of Thymbra capitata Is a Highly Efficient Biocide against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Biofilms.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2016Article
- Polymorphic variation in susceptibility and metabolism of triclosan-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strains obtained after exposure to biocides and antibiotics.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Article
- Effect of a novel quaternary ammonium methacrylate polymer (QAMP) on adhesion and antibacterial properties of dental adhesives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exposure of Escherichia coli to a subminimal inhibitory concentration (25% below MIC) of benzalkonium chloride (BC), an antimicrobial membrane-active agent commonly used in medical and food-processing environments, resulted in cell death and changes in cell morphology (filamentation). A small subpopulation (1-5% of the initial population) survived and regained similar morphology and growth rate as non-exposed cells. This subpopulation maintained tolerance to BC after serial transfers in medium without BC. To withstand BC during regrowth the cells up regulated a drug efflux associated gene (the acrB gene, member of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system) and changed expression of outer membrane porin genes (ompFW) and several genes involved in protecting the cell from the osmotic- and oxidative stress. Cells pre-exposed to osmotic- and oxidative stress (sodium chloride, salicylic acid and methyl viologen) showed higher tolerance to BC. A control and two selected isolates showing increased BC-tolerance after regrowth in BC was genome sequenced. No common point mutations were found in the BC- isolates but one point mutation in gene rpsA (Ribosomal protein S1) was observed in one of the isolates. The observed tolerance can therefore not solely be explained by the observed point mutation. The results indicate that there are several different mechanisms responsible for the regrowth of a tolerant subpopulation in BC, both BC-specific and general stress responses, and that sub-MIC of BC may select for phenotypic variants in a sensitive E. coli culture.
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