Trial reportPloS one2012
Educational inequalities in perinatal outcomes: the mediating effect of smoking and environmental tobacco exposure.
Trial report in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mediators of socioeconomic inequalities in preterm birth: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Preterm birth-associated neurodevelopmental impairment estimates at regional and global levels for 2010.Pediatric research · 2013Pooled it
- Disparities in prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy: a population-based study.BioMed research international · 2015Trial
- Adherence to four plant-based dietary patterns and associated factors during pregnancy: the INfancia and Medio Ambiente cohort study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Observational
- The magnitude and population burden of educational inequalities in adverse birth outcomes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Intergenerational transmission of health inequalities: towards a life course approach to socioeconomic inequalities in health - a review.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2024Review
- A Comprehensive Review on Social Inequalities and Pregnancy Outcome-Identification of Relevant Pathways and Mechanisms.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Boston Birth Cohort profile: rationale and study design.Precision nutrition · 2022Article
- Ability of municipality-level deprivation indices to capture social inequalities in perinatal health in France: A nationwide study using preterm birth and small for gestational age to illustrate their relevance.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Comparison of the Effect on Fetal Growth of a Mixture of Atrazine and Nitrates in Drinking Water and of Active Tobacco Exposure during Pregnancy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Gaining a deeper understanding of social determinants of preterm birth by integrating multi-omics data.Pediatric research · 2021Review
- Which modifiable prenatal factors mediate the relation between socio-economic position and a child's weight and length at birth?Maternal & child nutrition · 2019Article
- Social and population health science approaches to understand the human microbiome.Nature human behaviour · 2018Article
- Excessive infant crying doubles the risk of mood and behavioral problems at age 5: evidence for mediation by maternal characteristics.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2017Observational
- Disparities in Maternal Child and Health Outcomes Attributable to Prenatal Tobacco Use.Maternal and child health journal · 2016Article
- The Relevance of Maternal Socioeconomic Characteristics for Low Birth Weight - a Case-Control Study.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2016Article
- Gestational Vitamin 25(OH)D Status as a Risk Factor for Receptive Language Development: A 24-Month, Longitudinal, Observational Study.Nutrients · 2015Observational
- Socio-demographic inequalities across a range of health status indicators and health behaviours among pregnant women in prenatal primary care: a cross-sectional study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2015Article
- Patterns of social inequalities across pregnancy and birth outcomes: a comparison of individual and neighborhood socioeconomic measures.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveSocioeconomic status (SES) is adversely associated with perinatal outcomes. This association is likely to be mediated by tobacco exposure. However, previous studies were limited to single perinatal outcomes and devoted no attention to environmental tobacco exposure. Therefore, this study aimed firstly to explain the role of maternal smoking in the association between maternal education and preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA), and secondly to explain whether environmental tobacco smoke mediates these associations further. STUDY
designThis study was nested in a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands, the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study. Analyses were done in a sample of 3821 pregnant women of Dutch origin, using logistic regression analysis.
resultsLeast educated women, who were more often smoking and exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, had a significantly higher risk of PTB (OR 1.95 [95% CI: 1.19-3.20]), LBW (OR 2.41 [95% CI: 1.36-4.27]) and SGA (OR 1.90 [95% CI 1.32-2.74]) than highly educated women. The mediating effect of smoking in the least educated women was 43% for PTB, 55% for LBW and 66% for SGA. Environmental tobacco smoke did not explain these associations further. After adjustment for maternal smoking, the association between lower maternal education and pregnancy outcomes was no longer significant.
conclusionsSmoking explains to a considerable extent the association between lower maternal education and adverse perinatal outcomes. Therefore, tobacco-interventions in lower educated women should be primarily focussed on maternal smoking to reduce PTB, LBW, and SGA. Additional attention to environmental tobacco exposure does not seem to reduce educational inequalities in perinatal outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.