ArticlePloS one2012
The functions of grainy head-like proteins in animals and fungi and the evolution of apical extracellular barriers.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-Analysis ofGenes · 2019Pooled it
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- Loss of the epithelial transcription factor grhl3 leads to variably penetrant developmental phenotypes in zebrafish.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2025Article
- Melanization regulates wound healing by limiting polyploid cell growth in the Drosophila epithelium.Genetics · 2025Article
- Genetic Differences Modify Anesthetic Preconditioning of Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Molecular and Functional Convergences Associated with Complex Multicellularity in Eukarya.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Article
- Divergence of Grainy head affects chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and embryonic viability inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Conservation and Expansion of Transcriptional Factor Repertoire in theJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Conservation and Expansion of Transcriptional Factor Repertoire in thebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Putative Core Transcription Factors Affecting Virulence inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Grainyhead-like (Grhl) Target Genes in Development and Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- GRHL3 activates FSCN1 to relax cell-cell adhesions between migrating keratinocytes during wound reepithelialization.JCI insight · 2021Article
- Grhl3 promotes retention of epidermal cells under endocytic stress to maintain epidermal architecture in zebrafish.PLoS genetics · 2021Article
- Article
- Evolution of CP2 transcription factors in Hexapoda.Journal of genetics · 2021Article
- The Broad Transcription Factor Links Hormonal Signaling, Gene Expression, and Cellular Morphogenesis Events DuringGenetics · 2020Article
- Establishment of chromatin accessibility by the conserved transcription factor Grainy head is developmentally regulated.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2020Article
- Wnt signaling in orofacial clefts: crosstalk, pathogenesis and models.Disease models & mechanisms · 2019Review
- Dual Transcriptome and Metabolic Analysis ofFrontiers in plant science · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Grainy head (GRH) family of transcription factors are crucial for the development and repair of epidermal barriers in all animals in which they have been studied. This is a high-level functional conservation, as the known structural and enzymatic genes regulated by GRH proteins differ between species depending on the type of epidermal barrier being formed. Interestingly, members of the CP2 superfamily of transcription factors, which encompasses the GRH and LSF families in animals, are also found in fungi--organisms that lack epidermal tissues. To shed light on CP2 protein function in fungi, we characterized a Neurospora crassa mutant lacking the CP2 member we refer to as grainy head-like (grhl). We show that Neurospora GRHL has a DNA-binding specificity similar to that of animal GRH proteins and dissimilar to that of animal LSF proteins. Neurospora grhl mutants are defective in conidial-spore dispersal due to an inability to remodel the cell wall, and we show that grhl mutants and the long-known conidial separation-2 (csp-2) mutants are allelic. We then characterized the transcriptomes of both Neurospora grhl mutants and Drosophila grh mutant embryos to look for similarities in the affected genes. Neurospora grhl appears to play a role in the development and remodeling of the cell wall, as well as in the activation of genes involved in defense and virulence. Drosophila GRH is required to activate the expression of many genes involved in cuticular/epidermal-barrier formation. We also present evidence that GRH plays a role in adult antimicrobial defense. These results, along with previous studies of animal GRH proteins, suggest the fascinating possibility that the apical extracellular barriers of some animals and fungi might share an evolutionary connection, and that the formation of physical barriers in the last common ancestor was under the control of a transcriptional code that included GRH-like proteins.
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Registered trials
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