Trial reportCancer discovery2011
Prevention of persistent human papillomavirus infection by an HPV16/18 vaccine: a community-based randomized clinical trial in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
Trial report in Cancer discovery, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases: a network meta-analysis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Comprehensive evaluation of prophylactic HPV vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity in males and females.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Barriers to and Facilitators of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among People Aged 9 to 26 Years: A Systematic Review.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of the risk of autoimmune thyroiditis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease following vaccination with AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2020Pooled it
- The effectiveness of vaccination to prevent the papillomavirus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Pooled it
- Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomaviruses to prevent cervical cancer and its precursors.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Recommended immunization schedules for adults: Clinical practice guidelines by the Escmid Vaccine Study Group (EVASG), European Geriatric Medicine Society (EUGMS) and the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid).Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2016Guideline
- The efficacy and duration of vaccine protection against human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2014Pooled it
- Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant human papillomavirus bivalent (types 16, 18) vaccine in healthy 18-30-year-old Chinese women: a phase III, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and type 18 antibody concentrations after a single dose of bivalent HPV vaccine in girls aged 9-14 years compared with three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine in women aged 18-25 years in Costa Rica (PRIMAVERA): a non-randomised, open-label, immunobridging, non-inferiority trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Durability of immunogenicity at 5 years after a single dose of human papillomavirus vaccine compared with two doses in Tanzanian girls aged 9-14 years: results of the long-term extension of the DoRIS randomised trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Trial
- Comparing one dose of HPV vaccine in girls aged 9-14 years in Tanzania (DoRIS) with one dose of HPV vaccine in historical cohorts: an immunobridging analysis of a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Trial
- Durability of Cross-Protection by Different Schedules of the Bivalent HPV Vaccine: The CVT Trial.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2020Trial
- Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of HPV in a longitudinal study.PLoS pathogens · 2020Trial
- Efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine in Chinese women aged 18-25 years: End-of-study results from a phase II/III, randomised, controlled trial.Cancer medicine · 2019Trial
- Risk of HPV-16/18 Infections and Associated Cervical Abnormalities in Women Seropositive for Naturally Acquired Antibodies: Pooled Analysis Based on Control Arms of Two Large Clinical Trials.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in Chinese women aged 18-25 years: event-triggered analysis of a randomized controlled trial.Cancer medicine · 2017Trial
- Evaluation of Type Replacement Following HPV16/18 Vaccination: Pooled Analysis of Two Randomized Trials.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2017Trial
- Cross-protection of the Bivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Against Variants of Genetically Related High-Risk HPV Infections.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2016Trial
- Multisite HPV16/18 Vaccine Efficacy Against Cervical, Anal, and Oral HPV Infection.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2016Trial
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Target groups for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination are controversial. We evaluated vaccine efficacy (VE) against 1-year persistent infection, stratified by age and sexual behavior, among young women in Costa Rica. We randomized 7,466 healthy women 18 to 25 years of age to HPV16/18 or hepatitis A vaccine (follow-up, 50.4 months). According-to-protocol (ATP) cohorts included compliant HPV-negative women; intention-to-treat (ITT) included all randomized women. ATP VE was 90.9% (95% CI, 82.0-95.9) against HPV16/18 infections, 44.5% against HPV31/33/45 (95% CI, 17.5-63.1), and 12.4% (95% CI, -3.2 to 25.6) against any oncogenic infection. Overall ITT VE against HPV16/18 infections was 49.0%, but ATP and ITT VE almost reached 100% in year 4 of follow-up. ATP efficacy against HPV16/18 was similar by age, but ITT VE was greatest among youngest women (68.9% among those 18-19 years of age; 21.8% among those 24-25 years of age) and 79.8% among virgins. Among previously unexposed women, vaccination is highly efficacious against HPV16/18 and partially against HPV31/33/45. Vaccination is most effective in women and girls before they initiate sexual activity, with programmatic and individual decision implications.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.