ArticleInfection and immunity2012
Differential contribution of Bacillus anthracis toxins to pathogenicity in two animal models.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating Bacillus anthracis genomic diversity and trait-specific lineages in an endemic area in northern Tanzania through a combination of traditional and culture-free sequencing approaches.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- InvestigatingbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Toxin and capsule production by Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis influence pathogenicity in macrophages and animal models.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Anthrax: A narrative review.New microbes and new infections · 2024Review
- Closing the Gaps: Testing the Efficacy of Carbapenem and Cephalosporin Treatments of Late-Stage Anthrax in Rabbits.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Doxycycline, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin are superior to ciprofloxacin in treating anthrax meningitis in rabbits and NHP.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Alternate atxA and acpA dependent response of Bacillus anthracis to serum, HCO3- and CO2.PloS one · 2023Article
- Silkworm model forVirulence · 2021Article
- Evaluation of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Guidelines for Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- Application of CRISPR/Cas9 System for Plasmid Elimination and Bacterial Killing ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- The Comparative Virulence ofMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- Rapid and Sensitive Multiplex Assay for the Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Using old antibiotics to treat ancient bacterium-β-lactams for Bacillus anthracis meningitis.PloS one · 2020Article
- Distinct Contribution of the HtrA Protease and PDZ Domains to Its Function in Stress Resilience and Virulence ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Article
- Infection with a NonencapsulatedToxins · 2018Article
- Treating Anthrax-Induced Meningitis in Rabbits.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2018Article
- Using Telemetry Data to Refine Endpoints for New Zealand White Rabbits Challenged withJournal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2017Article
- Pathology of wild-type and toxin-independent Bacillus anthracis meningitis in rabbits.PloS one · 2017Article
- A Simple Luminescent Adenylate-Cyclase Functional Assay for Evaluation of Bacillus anthracis Edema Factor Activity.Toxins · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The virulence of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, stems from its antiphagocytic capsule, encoded by pXO2, and the tripartite toxins encoded by pXO1. The accepted paradigm states that anthrax is both an invasive and toxinogenic disease and that the toxins play major roles in pathogenicity. We tested this assumption by a systematic study of mutants with combined deletions of the pag, lef, and cya genes, encoding protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF), respectively. The resulting seven mutants (single, double, and triple) were evaluated following subcutaneous (s.c.) and intranasal (i.n.) inoculation in rabbits and guinea pigs. In the rabbit model, virulence is completely dependent on the presence of PA. Any mutant bearing a pag deletion behaved like a pXO1-cured mutant, exhibiting complete loss of virulence with attenuation indices of over 2,500,000 or 1,250 in the s.c. or i.n. route of infection, respectively. In marked contrast, in guinea pigs, deletion of pag or even of all three toxin components resulted in relatively moderate attenuation, whereas the pXO1-cured bacteria showed complete attenuation. The results indicate that a pXO1-encoded factor(s), other than the toxins, has a major contribution to the virulence mechanism of B. anthracis in the guinea pig model. These unexpected toxin-dependent and toxin-independent manifestations of pathogenicity in different animal models emphasize the importance and need for a comprehensive evaluation of B. anthracis virulence in general and in particular for the design of relevant next-generation anthrax vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.