ArticleInfection and immunity2012
Expansion of variant diversity associated with a high prevalence of pathogen strain superinfection under conditions of natural transmission.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular detection and characterization of Anaplasma marginale in cattle from the Lower Shabelle Region of Somalia.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Impact of Equine and Camel Piroplasmosis in Egypt: How Much Do We Know about the Current Situation?Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The Use of the Antigenically Variable Major Surface Protein 2 in the Establishment of Superinfection during Natural Tick Transmission of Anaplasma marginale in Southern Ghana.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- Demographic Expansions and the Emergence of Host Specialization in Genetically Distinct Ecotypes of the Tick-Transmitted Bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Rapid Detection of Equine Piroplasms Using Multiplex PCR and First Genetic Characterization ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Both Coinfection and Superinfection Drive Complex Anaplasma marginale Strain Structure in a Natural Transmission Setting.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Segmental Variation in a DuplicatedInfection and immunity · 2019Article
- Article
- Co-infections with multiple genotypes of Anaplasma marginale in cattle indicate pathogen diversity.Parasites & vectors · 2018Article
- Identification of a T-Cell Epitope That Is Globally Conserved among Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) OMP7, OMP8, and OMP9 of Anaplasma marginale Strains and with OMP7 from the A. marginale subsp. centrale Vaccine Strain.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Article
- Structural Basis for Recombinatorial Permissiveness in the Generation of Anaplasma marginale Msp2 Antigenic Variants.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Recombination-driven generation of the largest pathogen repository of antigen variants in the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi.BMC genomics · 2016Article
- Superinfection Exclusion of the Ruminant Pathogen Anaplasma marginale in Its Tick Vector Is Dependent on the Time between Exposures to the Strains.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2016Article
- Antigenic Variation in Bacterial Pathogens.Microbiology spectrum · 2016Article
- Primary Structural Variation in Anaplasma marginale Msp2 Efficiently Generates Immune Escape Variants.Infection and immunity · 2015Article
- Association of Anaplasma marginale strain superinfection with infection prevalence within tropical regions.PloS one · 2015Article
- A Virulent Babesia bovis Strain Failed to Infect White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus).PloS one · 2015Article
- Article
- Anaplasma marginale superinfection attributable to pathogen strains with distinct genomic backgrounds.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- Bacterial heterogeneity is a requirement for host superinfection by the Lyme disease spirochete.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Superinfection occurs when a second, genetically distinct pathogen strain infects a host that has already mounted an immune response to a primary strain. For antigenically variant pathogens, the primary strain itself expresses a broad diversity of variants over time. Thus, successful superinfection would require that the secondary strain express a unique set of variants. We tested this hypothesis under conditions of natural transmission in both temperate and tropical regions where, respectively, single-strain infections and strain superinfections of the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma marginale predominate. Our conclusion that strain superinfection is associated with a significant increase in variant diversity is supported by progressive analysis of variant composition: (i) animals with naturally acquired superinfection had a statistically significantly greater number of unique variant sequences than animals either experimentally infected with single strains or infected with a single strain naturally, (ii) the greater number of unique sequences reflected a statistically significant increase in primary structural diversity in the superinfected animals, and (iii) the increase in primary structural diversity reflected increased combinations of the newly identified hypervariable microdomains. The role of population immunity in establishing temporal and spatial patterns of infection and disease has been well established. The results of the present study, which examined strain structure under conditions of natural transmission and population immunity, support that high levels of endemicity also drive pathogen divergence toward greater strain diversity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.