Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2012
Ganglioside GD2 identifies breast cancer stem cells and promotes tumorigenesis.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 187 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
187 citing papers in PubMed, 291 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and antitumor activity of GD2-Specific 4SCAR-T cells in patients with glioblastoma.Molecular cancer · 2023Trial
- GD2 Identifies Cancer Stemness in Glioblastoma and Phytoalexin Library Screen Identifies Potential Novel Natural Inhibitors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Suppression of Glucosylceramide Synthase Reverses Drug Resistance in Cancer Cells Harboring Homozygous p53 Mutants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Deciphering the role of glycolipids as emerging therapeutic targets in EMT-driven cancer progression.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Prognostic Significance of DNA Repair Gene mRNA Expression in Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Insights into Clinical Relevance.Oncology research · 2026Article
- Targeting Sphingolipids in Breast Cancer: From Tumor Biology to Therapeutic Strategies.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Immunotherapeutic Strategies Targeting GD2-Expressing Malignancies.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Ganglioside therapy in cancer molecular insights and therapeutic opportunities.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Targeting GD2 with naxitamab overcomes GD3 synthase-driven immune suppression in triple-negative breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- The role of lipid metabolic interactions in reshaping the tumor microenvironment.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Article
- Clinical applications of circulating tumor cells in metastasis and therapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- GD2: hopes and challenges for the treatment of pediatric patients with tumors of the central nervous system.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Review
- Building simplified cancer subtyping and prediction models with glycan gene signatures.Cell reports methods · 2025Article
- Metabolomics-based liquid biopsy reflects molecular alterations induced by meningioma.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Cancer stem cells: landscape, challenges and emerging therapeutic innovations.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Unraveling the glyco-immunity nexus in pancreatic cancer.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- GD3 synthase drives resistance to p53-induced apoptosis in breast cancer by modulating mitochondrial function.Oncogene · 2025Article
- Targeting cancer stem cells with CAR-based immunotherapy: biology, evidence, and future directions.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Lipid metabolism involved in progression and drug resistance of breast cancer.Genes & diseases · 2025Review
- Review
127 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cancer cells that have increased resistance to conventional therapies and are capable of establishing metastasis. However, only a few biomarkers of CSCs have been identified. Here, we report that ganglioside GD2 (a glycosphingolipid) identifies a small fraction of cells in human breast cancer cell lines and patient samples that are capable of forming mammospheres and initiating tumors with as few as 10 GD2+ cells. In addition, the majority of GD2+ cells are also CD44hiCD24lo, the previously established CSC-associated cell surface phenotype. Gene expression analysis revealed that GD3 synthase (GD3S) is highly expressed in GD2+ as well as in CD44hiCD24lo cells and that interference with GD3S expression, either by shRNA or using a pharmacological inhibitor, reduced the CSC population and CSC-associated properties. GD3S knockdown completely abrogated tumor formation in vivo. Also, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HMLER cells) dramatically increased GD2 as well as GD3S expression in these cells, suggesting a role of EMT in the origin of GD2+ breast CSCs. In summary, we identified GD2 as a new CSC-specific cell surface marker and GD3S as a potential therapeutic target for CSCs, with the possibility of improving survival and cure rates in patients with breast cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.