ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2012
The glycine deportation system and its pharmacological consequences.
Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpretation of Pharmacometabolomics Results: Fingerprint of Drug Exposure or Confounder Effects? Insights from a Urinary Metabolomics Study with Voriconazole in Healthy Participants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- Characterization of Novel Metabolites of the HIF Stabilizer JNJ-42041935 in Rats Using LC-HRMS for Doping Control Purposes: A Pilot Study.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Hippuric Acid Suppresses Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via the EGFL8-Notch Signaling Axis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Glycine: The missing link between carbohydrate and xenobiotic metabolism in the maturing human hepatocyte.iScience · 2026Article
- FMT from IBS-D Rats Impairs Intestinal Barrier Function and is Associated with Increased Intestinal Benzoic Acid andJournal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- GlycineJIMD reports · 2025Article
- The Expression ofCells · 2025Article
- Small Phenolic Metabolites at the Nexus of Nutrient Transport and Energy Metabolism.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Dietary protein re-alimentation following restriction improves protein deposition via changing amino acid metabolism and transcriptional profiling of muscle tissue in growing beef bulls.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2024Article
- The impact of obesity-associated glycine deficiency on the elimination of endogenous and exogenous metabolites via the glycine conjugation pathway.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Observational
- Comparative effects of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in diets for nursery pigs on growth performance and acidification of digesta and urine.Journal of animal science · 2023Article
- Microbiome and Metabolomics in Liver Cancer: Scientific Technology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Ketogenic diet as a glycine lowering therapy in nonketotic hyperglycinemia and impact on brain glycine levels.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2022Article
- Uric acid extrarenal excretion: the gut microbiome as an evident yet understated factor in gout development.Rheumatology international · 2022Review
- Developmental Formation of the GABAergic and Glycinergic Networks in the Mouse Spinal Cord.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The effect of sodium benzoate, L-carnitine, and phenylacetate on valproate-induced hyperammonemia in Male Wistar rats.International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology · 2022Article
- Urine metabolite profiling of Indian Antarctic Expedition members: NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomic investigation.Heliyon · 2021Article
- Functional Characterisation of Three GlycineInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Structure-based dynamic analysis of the glycine cleavage system suggests key residues for control of a key reaction step.Communications biology · 2020Article
- Regulation of glycine metabolism by the glycine cleavage system and conjugation pathway in mouse models of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The glycine deportation system is an essential component of glycine catabolism in man whereby 400 to 800mg glycine per day are deported into urine as hippuric acid. The molecular escort for this deportation is benzoic acid, which derives from the diet and from gut microbiota metabolism of dietary precursors. Three components of this system, involving hepatic and renal metabolism, and renal active tubular secretion help regulate systemic and central nervous system levels of glycine. When glycine levels are pathologically high, as in congenital nonketotic hyperglycinemia, the glycine deportation system can be upregulated with pharmacological doses of benzoic acid to assist in normalization of glycine homeostasis. In congenital urea cycle enzymopathies, similar activation of the glycine deportation system with benzoic acid is useful for the excretion of excess nitrogen in the form of glycine. Drugs which can substitute for benzoic acid as substrates for the glycine deportation system have adverse reactions that may involve perturbations of glycine homeostasis. The cancer chemotherapeutic agent ifosfamide has an unacceptably high incidence of encephalopathy. This would appear to arise as a result of the production of toxic aldehyde metabolites which deplete ATP production and sequester NADH in the mitochondrial matrix, thereby inhibiting the glycine deportation system and causing de novo glycine synthesis by the glycine cleavage system. We hypothesize that this would result in hyperglycinemia and encephalopathy. This understanding may lead to novel prophylactic strategies for ifosfamide encephalopathy. Thus, the glycine deportation system plays multiple key roles in physiological and neurotoxicological processes involving glycine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.