ArticleAntiviral research2012
Brain injury caused by HIV protease inhibitors: role of lipodystrophy and insulin resistance.
Article in Antiviral research, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Semaglutide on Cognitive Function in People With HIV: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Trial
- Involvement of virus infections and antiviral agents in schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2025Review
- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Are the Major Class of HIV Antiretroviral Therapeutics That Induce Neuropathic Pain in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Quality of life and associated factors among people receiving second-line anti-retroviral therapy in Johannesburg, South Africa.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Nanoemulsions: Formulation, characterization, biological fate, and potential role against COVID-19 and other viral outbreaks.Colloid and interface science communications · 2021Review
- Neuropsychiatric Effects of Antiviral Drugs.Cureus · 2020Review
- The Glutamate System as a Crucial Regulator of CNS Toxicity and Survival of HIV Reservoirs.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- The impact of substance abuse on HIV-mediated neuropathogenesis in the current ART era.Brain research · 2019Review
- The HIV protease inhibitor, ritonavir, dysregulates human platelet function in vitro.Thrombosis research · 2018Article
- Evaluation of Oral Antiretroviral Drugs in Mice With Metabolic and Neurologic Complications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2018Article
- Neurotoxicity in the Post-HAART Era: Caution for the Antiretroviral Therapeutics.Neurotoxicity research · 2016Review
- HIV protease inhibitors disrupt astrocytic glutamate transporter function and neurobehavioral performance.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Article
- Dietary and donepezil modulation of mTOR signaling and neuroinflammation in the brain.Biochimica et biophysica acta · 2016Article
- Membrane-derived phospholipids control synaptic neurotransmission and plasticity.PLoS biology · 2015Article
- Designer adiponectin receptor agonist stabilizes metabolic function and prevents brain injury caused by HIV protease inhibitors.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2014Article
- Review
- Brain viral burden, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in HAART-treated HIV positive injecting drug users.Journal of neurovirology · 2014Article
- Hypertension among HIV-infected adults receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Malaysia.Global journal of health science · 2013Article
- Insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and cardiometabolic syndrome in HIV/AIDS.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent even with widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), suggesting a potential role for co-morbidities in neurologic decline. Indeed, it is well established that ART drugs, particularly HIV protease inhibitors, can induce hyperlipidemia, lipodystrophy, and insulin resistance; all of which are associated with neurologic impairment. This study was designed to determine how metabolic dysfunction might contribute to cognitive impairment and to reveal specific metabolic co-morbidities that could be targeted to preserve brain function. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were thus treated with clinically relevant doses of lopinavir/ritonavir for 4 weeks, and subjected to thorough metabolic, neurobehavioral, and biochemical analyses. Data show that lopinavir/ritonavir resulted in manifestations of lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. Evaluation of neurologic function revealed cognitive impairment and increased learned helplessness, but not motor impairment following treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir. Further analyses revealed a significant linear relationship between cognitive performance and specific markers of lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Finally, analysis of brain injury indicated that lopinavir/ritonavir treatment resulted in cerebrovascular injury associated with decreased synaptic markers and increased inflammation, and that the cerebral cortex was more vulnerable than the cerebellum or hippocampus. Collectively, these data reveal an intimate link between metabolic co-morbidities and cognitive impairment, and suggest that remediation of selective aspects of metabolic syndrome could potentially reduce the prevalence or severity HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.