ReviewBrain : a journal of neurology2012
The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy.
Review in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 137 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Feasibility and Tolerability of the Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Refractory Status Epilepticus in a Neurointensive Care Unit.
EEG Cap Placement for Expedited Identification of Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus
Who cites it
137 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Surgical Interventions for Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Systematic Review.Neurocritical care · 2026Pooled it
- Surgical management of status epilepticus: A systematic review.Epilepsia open · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- NMDA antagonists for refractory seizures.Neurocritical care · 2014Pooled it
- Development and validation of a nomogram to provide individualized predictions of functional outcomes in patients with convulsive status epilepticus at 3 months: The modified END-IT tool.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2023Trial
- A Pilot Study of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Refractory Status Epilepticus: The SURESTEP Trial.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Brexanolone as adjunctive therapy in super-refractory status epilepticus.Annals of neurology · 2017Trial
- Phase I/II multicenter ketogenic diet study for adult superrefractory status epilepticus.Neurology · 2017Trial
- Favorable Neurological Outcome Following Prolonged Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Disease spectrum of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children: A study based on clinical subtype characteristics and prognostic stratification.Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape · 2026Article
- Evaluation and comparison of mortality scores in status epilepticus patients.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Status Epilepsy Syndromes Made Easy: Pediatric Perspectives.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Review
- Article
- Article
- Etiology and Mortality of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus.Neurology international · 2025Article
- The Prognostic Factors in Children With Status Epilepticus and Status Epilepticus Severity Score Scales.Behavioural neurology · 2025Article
- Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in Brazil: a review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2025Review
- Inhaled Anesthetics: Beyond the Operating Room.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
77 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In a previous paper, we reviewed the range of therapies available for the treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus. Here we report a review of the outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus. Patients (n = 1168) are reported who had therapy with: thiopental, pentobarbital, midazolam, propofol, ketamine, inhalational anaesthetics (isoflurane, desflurane), antiepileptic drugs (topiramate, lacosamide, pregabalin, levetiracetam), hypothermia, magnesium, pyridoxine, immunotherapy, ketogenic diet, emergency neurosurgery, electroconvulsive therapy, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, vagal nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation. The outcome parameters reported include control of status epilepticus, relapse on withdrawal, breakthrough seizures and mortality. Where reported (596 cases), the long-term outcome was found to be death (35%), severe neurological deficit (13%), mild neurological deficit (13%), undefined deficit (4%) and recovery to baseline (35%). The quality of reported outcome data is generally poor and the number of cases reported for all non-anaesthetic therapies is low. Outcome assessment is complicated by changes in co-medication, delay in response and publication bias. Given these deficits, only broad recommendations can be made regarding optimal therapy. An approach to therapy, divided into first-line, second-line and third-line therapy, is suggested on the basis of this outcome evaluation. The importance of treatments directed at the cause of the status epilepticus, and of supportive ITU care is also emphasized.
Indexed as
Identifiers
22577217What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.