ArticleBiomedical optics express2012
Glucose sensing in human epidermis using mid-infrared photoacoustic detection.
Article in Biomedical optics express, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed.
- Workshop on Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring 2025.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2026Article
- Photoacoustic Noninvasive Blood Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Systems and Strategies for Robust Glucose Concentration Estimation, with Perspectives on Miniaturization and Wearability.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Noninvasive Analysis of Biological Components Using Simplified Mid-Infrared Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Optimization of a T-Cell Resonator: Towards Highly Sensitive Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Blood Glucose Detection.Biosensors · 2025Article
- Mid-Infrared Photonic Sensors: Exploring Fundamentals, Advanced Materials, and Cutting-Edge Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- On chip glucose sensing using guided waves at terahertz frequencies.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Non-invasive blood glucose estimation method based on the phase delay between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy.Journal of biomedical optics · 2024Article
- Portable Infrared-Based Glucometer Reinforced with Fuzzy Logic.Biosensors · 2023Article
- Noninvasive Glucose Sensing In Vivo.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Niche preclinical and clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging with endogenous contrast.Photoacoustics · 2023Review
- Progress and Perspectives of Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Non-Invasive Glucose Detection.Biosensors · 2023Review
- Mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy based on ultrasound detection for blood component analysis.Biomedical optics express · 2023Article
- Dual quantum cascade lasers for noninvasive glucose detection using photoacoustic spectroscopy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Glucose diagnosis system combining machine learning and NIR photoacoustic multispectral using a low power CW laser.Biomedical optics express · 2023Article
- Switchable preamplifier for dual modal photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging.Biomedical optics express · 2023Article
- A Single Wavelength Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Detection Using Machine Learning.Biosensors · 2022Article
- Application of the Photoacoustic Approach in the Characterization of Nanostructured Materials.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Non-Invasive Monitoring of Human Health by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A review of non-invasive sensors and artificial intelligence models for diabetic foot monitoring.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- Glucose Determination by a Single 1535 nm Pulsed Photoacoustic Technique: A Multiple Calibration for the External Factors.Journal of healthcare engineering · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
No reliable non-invasive glucose monitoring devices are currently available. We implemented a mid-infrared (MIR) photoacoustic (PA) setup to track glucose in vitro in deep epidermal layers, which represents a significant step towards non-invasive in vivo glucose measurements using MIR light. An external-cavity quantum-cascade laser (1010-1095 cm(-1)) and a PA cell of only 78 mm(3) volume were employed to monitor glucose in epidermal skin. Skin samples are characterized by a high water content. Such samples investigated with an open-ended PA cell lead to varying conditions in the PA chamber (i.e., change of light absorption or relative humidity) and cause unstable signals. To circumvent variations in relative humidity and possible water condensation, the PA chamber was constantly ventilated by a 10 sccm N(2) flow. By bringing the epidermal skin samples in contact with aqueous glucose solutions with different concentrations (i.e., 0.1-10 g/dl), the glucose concentration in the skin sample was varied through passive diffusion. The achieved detection limit for glucose in epidermal skin is 100 mg/dl (SNR=1). Although this lies within the human physiological range (30-500 mg/dl) further improvements are necessary to non-invasively monitor glucose levels of diabetes patients. Furthermore spectra of epidermal tissue with and without glucose content have been recorded with the tunable quantum-cascade laser, indicating that epidermal constituents do not impair glucose detection.
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