ArticlePloS one2012
Transcriptional enhancers in protein-coding exons of vertebrate developmental genes.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic Signatures of Selection Are Enriched in Differentially Expressed Genes in Sticklebacks Adapting to Contrasting Environments.Genome biology and evolution · 2026Article
- The G→C rs590352 in the Protein-Coding Region of ATXN7L3B Gene Upregulates Its Expression In Vivo.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- The exonic SNP rs11676272-C risk allele mediates diet-induced obesity and reduces enhancer activation.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Exonic enhancers are a widespread class of dual-function regulatory elements.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A machine learning classifier to identify and prioritise genes associated with murine cardiac development.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Functional maps of a genomic locus reveal confinement of an enhancer by its target gene.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- rs2736098, a synonymous polymorphism, is associated with carcinogenesis and cell count in multiple tissue types by regulatingHeliyon · 2024Article
- ΔNp63 drives dysplastic alveolar remodeling and restricts epithelial plasticity upon severe lung injury.Cell reports · 2022Article
- Genetic and epigenetic interplay allows rapid transgenerational adaptation to metal pollution in zebrafish.Environmental epigenetics · 2022Article
- Enhancers in the Peril lincRNA locus regulate distant but not local genes.Genome biology · 2018Article
- Convergent evolution of gene expression in two high-toothed stickleback populations.PLoS genetics · 2018Article
- SP8 Transcriptional Regulation ofFrontiers in neuroscience · 2018Article
- Mutating a conserved cysteine in GPIHBP1 reduces amounts of GPIHBP1 in capillaries and abolishes LPL binding.Journal of lipid research · 2017Article
- Article
- Limb development: a paradigm of gene regulation.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2017Review
- A sensitive synthetic reporter for visualizing cytokinin signaling output in rice.Plant methods · 2017Article
- Olig2-Targeted G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Gpr17 Regulates Oligodendrocyte Survival in Response to Lysolecithin-Induced Demyelination.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2016Article
- The Yin and Yang of codon usage.Human molecular genetics · 2016Review
- Exonic enhancers: proceed with caution in exome and genome sequencing studies.Genome medicine · 2016Article
- Disentangling Sources of Selection on Exonic Transcriptional Enhancers.Molecular biology and evolution · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Many conserved noncoding sequences function as transcriptional enhancers that regulate gene expression. Here, we report that protein-coding DNA also frequently contains enhancers functioning at the transcriptional level. We tested the enhancer activity of 31 protein-coding exons, which we chose based on strong sequence conservation between zebrafish and human, and occurrence in developmental genes, using a Tol2 transposable GFP reporter assay in zebrafish. For each exon we measured GFP expression in hundreds of embryos in 10 anatomies via a novel system that implements the voice-recognition capabilities of a cellular phone. We find that 24/31 (77%) exons drive GFP expression compared to a minimal promoter control, and 14/24 are anatomy-specific (expression in four anatomies or less). GFP expression driven by these coding enhancers frequently overlaps the anatomies where the host gene is expressed (60%), suggesting self-regulation. Highly conserved coding sequences and highly conserved noncoding sequences do not significantly differ in enhancer activity (coding: 24/31 vs. noncoding: 105/147) or tissue-specificity (coding: 14/24 vs. noncoding: 50/105). Furthermore, coding and noncoding enhancers display similar levels of the enhancer-related histone modification H3K4me1 (coding: 9/24 vs noncoding: 34/81). Meanwhile, coding enhancers are over three times as likely to contain an H3K4me1 mark as other exons of the host gene. Our work suggests that developmental transcriptional enhancers do not discriminate between coding and noncoding DNA and reveals widespread dual functions in protein-coding DNA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.