ArticleFrontiers in immunology2012
T helper1/t helper2 cells and resistance/susceptibility to leishmania infection: is this paradigm still relevant?
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- AmBisome Monotherapy and Combination AmBisome-Miltefosine Therapy for the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Patients Coinfected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in India: A Randomized Open-Label, Parallel-Arm, Phase 3 Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- An Insight Into Systemic Immune Response inFrontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine profiles predict risk of early mortality and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis.PLoS pathogens · 2015Trial
- Lymphocyte-mediated immune responses to Leishmania infection.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of peripheral blood immune cells spanning progressive canine leishmaniosis.iScience · 2026Article
- Early Regulatory and Th2-Associated Responses Shape Resistance toPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Leishmaniasis: pathogenesis, host immunity, and the evolving landscape of immunotherapy and immunochemotherapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Natural product-based therapeutic strategies againstFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Sex in Immune Cells and Parasitic Diseases - A Complex Relationship.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- In Silico Design and Immunogenicity Evaluation of a Multiepitope Vaccine Candidate AgainstJournal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of peripheral blood immune cells spanning progressive canine leishmaniosis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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- Leishmaniasis in IBD Patients: Challenges of a Rare Opportunistic Disease.United European gastroenterology journal · 2025Article
- Downregulation of IRF7-mediated type-I interferon response by LmCenNPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Th17 Cell and Inflammatory Infiltrate Interactions in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Unraveling Immunopathogenic Mechanisms.Immune network · 2024Review
- Implication of the Annexin 1/FPR axis in leishmanial exosome-mediatedFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Targeting and activation of macrophages in leishmaniasis. A focus on iron oxide nanoparticles.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The development and maintenance of immunity against visceral leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Work in large part on Leishmania major in the 1980s identified two distinct apparently counter-regulatory CD4(+) T cell populations, T helper (h)1 and Th2, that controlled resistance/susceptibility to infection respectively. However, the generation of IL-4(-/-) mice in the 1990s questioned the paramount role of this Th2 archetypal cytokine in the non-healing response to Leishmania infection. The more recent characterization of CD4(+) T cell regulatory populations and further effector CD4(+) T helper populations, Th17, Th9, and T follicular (f)h cells as well as the acknowledged plasticity in T helper cell function has further added to the complexity of host pathogen interactions. These interactions are complicated by the multiplicity of cells that respond to CD4(+) T cell subset signatory cytokines, as well as the diversity of Leishmania species that are often subject to significantly different immune-regulatory controls. In this article we review current knowledge with regard to the role of CD4(+) T cells and their products during Leishmania infection. In particular we update on our studies using conditional IL-4Rα gene-deficient mice that have allowed dissection of the cell interplay dictating the disease outcomes of the major Leishmania species infecting humans.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.