Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2012
IL-15 protects NKT cells from inhibition by tumor-associated macrophages and enhances antimetastatic activity.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 113 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development of humanized mouse with patient-derived xenografts for cancer immunotherapy studies: A comprehensive review.Cancer science · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Engineering an in vivo charging station for CAR-redirected invariant natural killer T cells to enhance cancer therapy.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Beyond CAR-T and oncology: broadening chimeric antigen receptor technologies across cell types and diseases.Precision clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Stem cell engineering for the generation of allogeneic CAR-directed natural killer T cells targeting endometrial carcinoma.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2026Article
- Immunotherapeutic Strategies Targeting GD2-Expressing Malignancies.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Facts and Hopes of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Redirected NK T Cells.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Review
- Allogeneic stem cell-engineered EGFRvIII-specific CAR-NKT cells for treating glioblastoma with enhanced efficacy and safety.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Genome-edited allogeneic CAR-T cells: the next generation of cancer immunotherapies.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Multimodal targeting of metastatic renal cell carcinoma via CD70-directed allogeneic CAR-NKT cells.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- The landscape of CAR-engineered innate immune cells for cancer immunotherapy.Nature cancer · 2025Review
- NKT cells-a generalist in disease treatment and a new key to unlock immunotherapy.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Off-the-shelf invariant NKT cells expressing anti-PSCA CAR and IL-15 promote pancreatic cancer regression in mice.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- PRDM1 Is a Key Regulator of the NKT-cell Central Memory Program and Effector Function.Cancer immunology research · 2025Article
- Generation of allogeneic CAR-NKT cells from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using a clinically guided culture method.Nature biotechnology · 2025Article
- Allogeneic CD33-directed CAR-NKT cells for the treatment of bone marrow-resident myeloid malignancies.Nature communications · 2025Article
- iPSC Technology Revolutionizes CAR-T Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- CAR-iNKT cells: redefining the frontiers of cellular immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Innate iNKT cells: from biological insight to clinical impact.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Challenges in the preclinical design and assessment of CAR-T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vα24-invariant NKT cells inhibit tumor growth by targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Tumor progression therefore requires that TAMs evade NKT cell activity through yet-unknown mechanisms. Here we report that a subset of cells in neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines and primary tumors expresses membrane-bound TNF-α (mbTNF-α). These proinflammatory tumor cells induced production of the chemokine CCL20 from TAMs via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, an effect that was amplified in hypoxia. Flow cytometry analyses of human primary NB tumors revealed selective accumulation of CCL20 in TAMs. Neutralization of the chemokine inhibited in vitro migration of NKT cells toward tumor-conditioned hypoxic monocytes and localization of NKT cells to NB grafts in mice. We also found that hypoxia impaired NKT cell viability and function. Thus, CCL20-producing TAMs served as a hypoxic trap for tumor-infiltrating NKT cells. IL-15 protected antigen-activated NKT cells from hypoxia, and transgenic expression of IL-15 in adoptively transferred NKT cells dramatically enhanced their antimetastatic activity in mice. Thus, tumor-induced chemokine production in hypoxic TAMs and consequent chemoattraction and inhibition of NKT cells represents a mechanism of immune escape that can be reversed by adoptive immunotherapy with IL-15-transduced NKT cells.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.