ReviewGut microbes
Clostridium difficile infection: toxins and non-toxin virulence factors, and their contributions to disease establishment and host response.
Review in Gut microbes. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07221370 (Enteral Vancomycin as Primary Prophylaxis Against Clostridioides Difficile Infection in Critically Ill Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 105 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Enteral Vancomycin as Primary Prophylaxis Against Clostridioides Difficile Infection in Critically Ill Patients
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 200 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as a Biosafe Microbial Bridge in the Gut-Environment Continuum.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Ionomycin Exhibits Potent and Selective Bactericidal Activity Against Clostridioides difficile Through Calcium-Dependent Membrane Disruption.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Predictors of RecurrentDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, recurrence, and mortality in patients withPathogens and global health · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of theThe Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026Article
- Extraintestinal Manifestations ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Flagellar switch inverted repeats impact heterogeneity in flagellar gene expression and thus C. difficile RT027/MLST1 virulence.Cell reports · 2025Article
- The phi027 bacteriophage influences physiology and virulence of the lysogenic strain of Clostridioides difficile.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Standard mouse diets lead to differences in severity in infectious and non-infectious colitis.mBio · 2025Article
- Assessing the Risk of SpreadingAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Analysis of factors affecting the length of hospitalization of patients with Clostridioides difficile infection: a cross-sectional study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- In Vitro Models for Investigating Intestinal Host-Pathogen Interactions.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Toxic Megacolon: A Sequelae of Clostridioides difficile Infection in a Case of Necrotizing Fasciitis.Cureus · 2024Article
- Comparative Genomics of Clostridioides difficile.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Article
- Antisense inhibition of RNA polymerase α subunit ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Modulation of colonic immunometabolic responses during Clostridioides difficile infection ameliorates disease severity and inflammation.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Biofilm Formation ofMicroorganisms · 2023Review
- Network analysis of toxin production in Clostridioides difficile identifies key metabolic dependencies.PLoS computational biology · 2023Article
- The Environment, Farm Animals and Foods as Sources ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of antibiotic- and healthcare-associated diarrhea, and its containment and treatment imposes a significant financial burden, estimated to be over $3 billion in the USA alone. Since the year 2000, CDI epidemics/outbreaks have occurred in North America, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have been variously associated with, or attributed to, the emergence of Clostridium difficile strains with increased virulence, an increase in resistance to commonly used antimicrobials such as the fluoroquinolones, or host susceptibilities, including the use of gastric acid suppressants, to name a few. Efforts to elucidate C. difficile pathogenic mechanisms have been hampered by a lack of molecular tools, manipulatable animal models, and genetic intractability of clinical C. difficile isolates. However, in the past 5 y, painstaking efforts have resulted in the unraveling of multiple C. difficile virulence-associated pathways and mechanisms. We have recently reviewed the disease, its associated risk factors, transmission and interventions (Viswanathan, Gut Microbes 2010). This article summarizes genetics, non-toxin virulence factors, and host-cell biology associated with C. difficile pathogenesis as of 2011, and highlights those findings/factors that may be of interest as future intervention targets.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.