ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2012
Molecular pathology of pulmonary surfactants and cytokines in drowning compared with other asphyxiation and fatal hypothermia.
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunohistochemical insights into hyperthermia-related deaths: a systematic review.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Immunohistochemical insights into hypothermia-related deaths: a systematic review.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2025Pooled it
- Prehospital factors associated with ICU admission in drowning patients: a retrospective multicenter cohort study in a French coastal region.BMC emergency medicine · 2026Observational
- Severe Hypoxaemia and Haemodynamic Instability Following Salt Tablet Broncho-Aspiration: In-Hospital Mimicking of Saltwater Drowning.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2025Article
- Post Mortem Molecular Biomarkers of Asphyxia: A Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Oxidative stress and NF-KB/iNOS inflammatory pathway as innovative biomarkers for diagnosis of drowning and differentiating it from postmortem submersion in both fresh and saltwater in rats.International journal of legal medicine · 2024Article
- Effects of Prolactin on Brain Neurons under Hypoxia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Evaluation of eye and serum findings in different waters in rabbits by drowning and submersion modeling.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Postmortem chest computed tomography for the diagnosis of drowning: a feasibility study.Forensic sciences research · 2021Article
- MicroRNAs: An Update of Applications in Forensic Science.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Thyroid-related hormones as potential markers of hypoxia/ischemia.Human cell · 2020Article
- Comprehensive Histological and Immunochemical Forensic Studies in Deaths Occurring in Custody.International scholarly research notices · 2017Review
- Identification of distinct genes associated with seawater aspiration‑induced acute lung injury by gene expression profile analysis.Molecular medicine reports · 2016Article
- Postmortem diagnosis of hypothermia.International journal of legal medicine · 2014Review
- Molecular pathology of brain matrix metalloproteases, claudin5, and aquaporins in forensic autopsy cases with special regard to methamphetamine intoxication.International journal of legal medicine · 2014Article
- Postmortem mRNA expression patterns in left ventricular myocardial tissues and their implications for forensic diagnosis of sudden cardiac death.Molecules and cells · 2014Article
- The pathophysiological mechanisms of the onset of death through accidental hypothermia and the presentation of "The little match girl" case.Clujul medical (1957) · 2014Article
- Molecular pathology of brain edema after severe burns in forensic autopsy cases with special regard to the importance of reference gene selection.International journal of legal medicine · 2013Article
- Quantitative analyses of postmortem heat shock protein mRNA profiles in the occipital lobes of human cerebral cortices: implications in cause of death.Molecules and cells · 2012Article
- Stability of endogenous reference genes in postmortem human brains for normalization of quantitative real-time PCR data: comprehensive evaluation using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper.International journal of legal medicine · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drowning involves complex fatal factors, including asphyxiation and electrolyte/osmotic disturbances, as well as hypothermia in cold water. The present study investigated the molecular pathology of pulmonary injury due to drowning, using lung specimens from forensic autopsy cases of drowning (n = 21), acute mechanical asphyxia due to neck compression and smothering (n = 24), and hypothermia (cold exposure, n = 11), as well as those of injury (n = 23), intoxication (n = 13), fire fatality (n = 18), and acute cardiac death (n = 9) for comparison. TaqMan real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of pulmonary surfactant-associated proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-10. SP-A and SP-D mRNA levels were lower for drowning, mechanical asphyxiation, fire fatality, and acute cardiac deaths than for hypothermia and injury. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 mRNA levels were higher for drowning or for drowning and injury than for other groups; there was no significant difference between fire fatality, involving airway injury due to inhalation of hot/irritant gases, and other control groups. These observations suggest characteristic molecular biological patterns of pulmonary injury involving suppression of pulmonary surfactants and activation of early-phase mediators of inflammation in drowning, with high mRNA expression levels of pulmonary surfactants in fatal hypothermia; however, there was no significant difference among these markers in immunohistochemical detection, except for SP-A. These mRNA expressions can be used as markers of pulmonary injury to assist in investigations of the pathophysiology of drowning and fatal hypothermia in combination with other biochemical and biological markers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.