ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2012
Robust escalation of nicotine intake with extended access to nicotine self-administration and intermittent periods of abstinence.
Article in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in nicotine intravenous self-administration: A meta-analytic review.Physiology & behavior · 2019Pooled it
- β-Nicotyrine and e-cigarette abuse liability II: Behavioral economic demand and intracranial self-stimulation in rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- The influence of stress and social defeat on neurobiological reinforcement mechanisms across reward to withdrawal in nicotine addiction.Psychopharmacology · 2025Review
- Modeling escalation of drug intake to identify molecular targets for treating substance use disorders: A slippery slope upward.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Environmental enrichment attenuates reinstatement of heroin seeking and reverses heroin-induced upregulation of mesolimbic ghrelin receptors.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- The role of β-Nicotyrine in E-Cigarette abuse liability I: Drug Discrimination.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Intermittent nicotine access is as effective as continuous access in promoting nicotine seeking and taking in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Mifepristone decreases nicotine intake in dependent and non-dependent adult rats.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Sex differences in nicotine intake and relapse behavior in nicotine-dependent adult wistar rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Single-nucleus genomics in outbred rats with divergent cocaine addiction-like behaviors reveals changes in amygdala GABAergic inhibition.Nature neuroscience · 2023Article
- Dopamine D1-like receptor activation decreases nicotine intake in rats with short or long access to nicotine.Addiction biology · 2023Article
- Development of Dependence in Smokers and Rodents With Voluntary Nicotine Intake: Similarities and Differences.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Review
- Altered neuronal activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives nicotine intake escalation.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Article
- Corticotropin releasing factor and drug seeking in substance use disorders: Preclinical evidence and translational limitations.Addiction neuroscience · 2022Article
- Logical fallacies and misinterpretations that hinder progress in translational addiction neuroscience.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2022Article
- Activation of trace amine-associated receptor 1 attenuates nicotine withdrawal-related effects.Addiction biology · 2022Article
- Natural and synthetic estrogens specifically alter nicotine demand and cue-induced nicotine seeking in female rats.Neuropharmacology · 2021Article
- Converging vulnerability factors for compulsive food and drug use.Neuropharmacology · 2021Review
- Paradoxical changes in brain reward status during oxycodone self-administration in a novel test of the negative reinforcement hypothesis.British journal of pharmacology · 2021Article
- Animal Models of the Behavioral Symptoms of Substance Use Disorders.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although established smokers have a very regular pattern of smoking behavior, converging lines of evidence suggest that the escalation of smoking behavior is a critical factor in the development of dependence. However, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the escalation of smoking are unknown, because there is no animal model of the escalation of nicotine intake. On the basis of the pattern of smoking behavior in humans and presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in tobacco smoke, we hypothesized that the escalation of nicotine intake may only occur when animals are given extended-access (21 h per day) self-administration sessions after repeated periods of abstinence (24-48 h), and after chronic inhibition of monoamine oxidase using phenelzine sulfate. Intermittent access (every 24-48 h) to extended nicotine self-administration produced a robust escalation of nicotine intake, associated with increased responding under fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement, and increased somatic signs of withdrawal. The escalation of nicotine intake was not observed in rats with intermittent access to limited (1 h per day) nicotine self-administration or daily access to extended (21 h per day) nicotine self-administration. Moreover, inhibition of monoamine oxidase with daily administration of phenelzine increased nicotine intake by ≈ 50%. These results demonstrate that the escalation of nicotine intake only occurs in animals given intermittent periods of abstinence with extended access to nicotine, and that inhibition of monoamine oxidase may contribute to the escalation of smoking, thus validating both an animal model of the escalation of smoking behavior and the contribution of monoamine oxidase inhibition to compulsive nicotine-seeking.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.