SynthesisAnnals of internal medicine2012
Risk factors for breast cancer for women aged 40 to 49 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Annals of internal medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 421 citations in OpenAlex.
- Screening for breast cancer: a systematic review update to inform the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care guideline.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical guidelines for the management of mammographic density: a systematic review of breast screening guidelines worldwide.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Lifestyle and Reproductive Factors Associated with Risk of Breast Cancer in Asian Women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Are pregnancy and parity associated with telomere length? A systematic review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- Supplemental Screening as an Adjunct to Mammography for Breast Cancer Screening in People With Dense Breasts: A Health Technology Assessment.Ontario health technology assessment series · 2023Pooled it
- Preterm Birth and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2023Pooled it
- Association ofJCO global oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Recommendations on screening for breast cancer in women aged 40-74 years who are not at increased risk for breast cancer.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2018Guideline
- Pooled it
- Factors affecting uptake and adherence to breast cancer chemoprevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology · 2016Pooled it
- Association between four MMP-9 polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2015Pooled it
- The Association between Telomere Length and Cancer Prognosis: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis.PloS one · 2015Pooled it
- Aberrant promoter methylation of the CHD1 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer: a meta-analysis.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Pooled it
- Aberrant promoter methylation of HIN-1 gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer: a meta-analysis.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Pooled it
- A randomized study of 2 risk assessment models for individualized breast cancer risk estimation.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Trial
- The association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Independent and Incremental Value of Breast Mass Orientation Angle in Ultrasound-Based Malignancy Prediction.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer Risk Factors Analysis in Middle-Aged Women: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Bridging the gap: clinical practice, guidelines, reimbursement and real-world challenges in breast imaging - webinar highlights.Future oncology (London, England) · 2026Article
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdentifying risk factors for breast cancer specific to women in their 40s could inform screening decisions. PURPOSE: To determine what factors increase risk for breast cancer in women aged 40 to 49 years and the magnitude of risk for each factor. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (January 1996 to the second week of November 2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (fourth quarter of 2011), Scopus, reference lists of published studies, and the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. STUDY SELECTION: English-language studies and systematic reviews of risk factors for breast cancer in women aged 40 to 49 years. Additional inclusion criteria were applied for each risk factor. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on participants, study design, analysis, follow-up, and outcomes were abstracted. Study quality was rated by using established criteria, and only studies rated as good or fair were included. Results were summarized by using meta-analysis when sufficient studies were available or from the best evidence based on study quality, size, and applicability when meta-analysis was not possible. Data from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium were analyzed with proportional hazards models by using partly conditional Cox regression. Reference groups for comparisons were set at U.S. population means. DATA SYNTHESIS: Sixty-six studies provided data for estimates. Extremely dense breasts on mammography or first-degree relatives with breast cancer were associated with at least a 2-fold increase in risk for breast cancer. Prior breast biopsy, second-degree relatives with breast cancer, or heterogeneously dense breasts were associated with a 1.5- to 2.0-fold increased risk; current use of oral contraceptives, nulliparity, and age 30 years or older at first birth were associated with a 1.0- to 1.5-fold increased risk. LIMITATIONS: Studies varied by measures, reference groups, and adjustment for confounders, which could bias combined estimates. Effects of multiple risk factors were not considered.
conclusionExtremely dense breasts and first-degree relatives with breast cancer were each associated with at least a 2-fold increase in risk for breast cancer in women aged 40 to 49 years. Identification of these risk factors may be useful for personalized mammography screening. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Cancer Institute.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.