Trial reportJournal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology2012
Parallel but not equivalent: challenges and solutions for repeated assessment of cognition over time.
Trial report in Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00298558 (Trial of a Cognitive Intervention for Older Adults), which is not on this map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Trial of a Cognitive Intervention for Older Adults
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- Differences in Cognitive Aging Assessments Associated With Retest Effects.JAMA network open · 2026Trial
- Self-perceived Difficulties in Everyday Function Precede Cognitive Decline among Older Adults in the ACTIVE Study.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2018Trial
- Do older adults use the method of loci? Results from the ACTIVE study.Experimental aging research · 2014Trial
- Memory training in the ACTIVE study: how much is needed and who benefits?Journal of aging and health · 2013Trial
- Modeling learning and memory using verbal learning tests: results from ACTIVE.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2013Trial
- The ACTIVE conceptual framework as a structural equation model.Experimental aging researchTrial
- Obtaining comparable measurement of midlife cognitive functioning from disparate cognitive tasks.Neuropsychology · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a harmonized memory score for multicenter Alzheimer's disease and related dementia research.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- The measurement of cognition in large-scale cross-national surveys: lessons from the Health and Retirement Study International Network of Studies and the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- International application of an optimized harmonization approach for longitudinal cognitive data in people with HIV.Journal of clinical epidemiology · 2025Article
- The impact of tract- and county-level segregation on 10-year cognitive and everyday functioning outcomes of Black/African American older adults in the ACTIVE study.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2025Article
- Development of a refined harmonization approach for longitudinal cognitive data in people with HIV.Journal of clinical epidemiology · 2025Article
- The Independent and Interactive Effects of Economic Stability and Healthcare Access on 10-Year Cognitive Trajectories of Black/African American and White Older Adults from the ACTIVE Study.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between 10-year Changes in Cognitive Ability and Subsequent Mortality: Findings from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) Trial.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- How to assess cognitive decline when test administration changes across study waves? Harmonizing cognitive scores across waves in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Feasibility of Digital Memory Assessments in an Unsupervised and Remote Study Setting.Frontiers in digital health · 2022Article
- Avoid or Embrace? Practice Effects in Alzheimer's Disease Prevention Trials.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Cognitive practice effects delay diagnosis of MCI: Implications for clinical trials.Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.) · 2022Article
- Subjective memory, objective memory, and race over a 10-year period: Findings from the ACTIVE study.Psychology and aging · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAnalyses of individual differences in change may be unintentionally biased when versions of a neuropsychological test used at different follow-ups are not of equivalent difficulty. This study's objective was to compare mean, linear, and equipercentile equating methods and demonstrate their utility in longitudinal research. STUDY DESIGN AND
settingThe Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE, N = 1,401) study is a longitudinal randomized trial of cognitive training. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI, n = 819) is an observational cohort study. Nonequivalent alternate versions of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) were administered in both studies.
resultsUsing visual displays, raw and mean-equated AVLT scores in both studies showed obvious nonlinear trajectories in reference groups that should show minimal change and poor equivalence over time (ps ≤ .001), and raw scores demonstrated poor fits in models of within-person change (root mean square errors of approximation, RMSEAs > 0.12). Linear and equipercentile equating produced more similar means in reference groups (ps ≥ .09) and performed better in growth models (RMSEAs < 0.05).
conclusionEquipercentile equating is the preferred equating method because it accommodates tests more difficult than a reference test at different percentiles of performance and performs well in models of within-person trajectory. The method has broad applications in both clinical and research settings to enhance the ability to use nonequivalent test forms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.