ArticlePloS one2012
Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to trial NCT04934111 (A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02, a Self-amplifying Ribonucleic Acid), which is not on this map. Cited by 396 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02, a Self-amplifying Ribonucleic Acid (saRNA) Vaccine, in SARS-CoV-2 Seronegative and Seropositive Uganda Population
Who cites it
396 citing papers in PubMed, 606 citations in OpenAlex.
- Durability and cross-reactivity of immune responses induced by a plant-based virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- A self-amplifying mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate induces safe and robust protective immunity in preclinical models.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine formulations in healthy adults: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2, dose-ranging study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Interferon-armed RBD dimer enhances the immunogenicity of RBD for sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2.Cell research · 2021Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine.The New England journal of medicine · 2021Trial
- Mechanisms of antibody-dependent enhancement and its research progress in animal coronaviruses.Veterinary research · 2026Review
- Review
- Reverse genetics strategies for coronaviruses: platform construction and applications in vaccine development.Virus genes · 2026Review
- Article
- A stabilized MERS-CoV spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine elicits robust and protective neutralizing antibody responses.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Designing a novel vaccine against COVID-19 based on spike SARS-Cov-2 notable mutations using immunoinformatics approaches.PloS one · 2026Article
- Age-driven shifts in T and NK cell responses amplify inflammation and coagulopathy during viral infection in mice and humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2, the impact of variants and vaccination.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Immunostimulatory Adjuvants and Nano-Adjuvants in Current SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Prior human endemic coronavirus exposure does not affect humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Hamsters immunized with formalin-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 develop accelerated lung histopathological lesions and Th2-biased response following infection.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Differential efficacy of first licensed western vaccines protecting without immunopathogenesis Wuhan-1-challenged hamsters from severe COVID-19.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Eosinophils and COVID-19: Insights into immune complexity and vaccine safety.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Review
- A Comprehensive Review of mRNA-based Vaccines for COVID-19, A New Era in Pharmaceuticals: Unspecified and Unknown Aspects, Effects and Challenges.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
336 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) emerged in China in 2002 and spread to other countries before brought under control. Because of a concern for reemergence or a deliberate release of the SARS coronavirus, vaccine development was initiated. Evaluations of an inactivated whole virus vaccine in ferrets and nonhuman primates and a virus-like-particle vaccine in mice induced protection against infection but challenged animals exhibited an immunopathologic-type lung disease.
designFour candidate vaccines for humans with or without alum adjuvant were evaluated in a mouse model of SARS, a VLP vaccine, the vaccine given to ferrets and NHP, another whole virus vaccine and an rDNA-produced S protein. Balb/c or C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated i.m. on day 0 and 28 and sacrificed for serum antibody measurements or challenged with live virus on day 56. On day 58, challenged mice were sacrificed and lungs obtained for virus and histopathology.
resultsAll vaccines induced serum neutralizing antibody with increasing dosages and/or alum significantly increasing responses. Significant reductions of SARS-CoV two days after challenge was seen for all vaccines and prior live SARS-CoV. All mice exhibited histopathologic changes in lungs two days after challenge including all animals vaccinated (Balb/C and C57BL/6) or given live virus, influenza vaccine, or PBS suggesting infection occurred in all. Histopathology seen in animals given one of the SARS-CoV vaccines was uniformly a Th2-type immunopathology with prominent eosinophil infiltration, confirmed with special eosinophil stains. The pathologic changes seen in all control groups lacked the eosinophil prominence.
conclusionsThese SARS-CoV vaccines all induced antibody and protection against infection with SARS-CoV. However, challenge of mice given any of the vaccines led to occurrence of Th2-type immunopathology suggesting hypersensitivity to SARS-CoV components was induced. Caution in proceeding to application of a SARS-CoV vaccine in humans is indicated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.